Recent years have seen the development of a more nuanced understanding of the emergence of scientific naturalism in the nineteenth century. It has become apparent that scientific naturalism did not emerge sui generis in the years following the publication of Charles Darwin's On the origin of species (1859), but was present, if only in incipient form, much earlier in the century. Building on recent scholarship, this article adopts a geographically focused approach and explores debates about geology and phrenology-two of the diverse forms of knowledge that contributed to scientific naturalism-in late-Georgian Belfast. Having provided the venue for John Tyndall's infamous 1874 address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Belfast occupies a central place in the story of nineteenth-century scientific naturalism. However, in uncovering the intricate and surprising ways in which scientific knowledge gained, or was denied, epistemic and civic credibility in Belfast, this discussion will demonstrate that naturalism, materialism and the relationship between science and religion were matters of public debate in the town long before Tyndall's intervention.

中文翻译：

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岩石，头骨和唯物主义：晚期格鲁吉亚贝尔法斯特的地质学和相貌学。

近年来，人们对19世纪科学自然主义的出现有了更为细致入微的理解。显而易见的是，科学自然主义在查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）的《物种起源》（1859）出版后的几年中并没有特别出现，而是在本世纪初出现的，即使只是初期形式。在最近的研究成果的基础上，本文采用了地理上针对性的方法，并探讨了地质学和相貌学的争论-地质学和相貌学-佐治亚州晚期贝尔法斯特的两种促成科学自然主义的知识形式。在为约翰·廷德尔（John Tyndall）臭名昭著的1874年演说提供了场所，该演说是英国科学促进协会主席，贝尔法斯特在19世纪科学自然主义的故事中占据中心位置。但是，在揭示科学知识在贝尔法斯特获得或被剥夺了认知和公民信誉的复杂而令人惊讶的方式时，该讨论将证明自然主义，唯物主义以及科学与宗教之间的关系长期以来一直是该镇公众辩论的问题。在廷德尔介入之前。