The purpose of the study was to gain new insights into innovation systems by comparing state-of-the-art of existing approaches of innovation creation and innovation management in healthcare and ICT. It is unique, in that it compares countries in Africa with countries in Europe in order to identify similarities and differences regarding the creation and management of innovations. The main similarity is that early dialogue between different stakeholders was underrepresented during the whole innovation process in all countries. Our results also indicated that the various stakeholders often work in silos. The main difference was that the countries face problems at different stages of the innovation process. Whereas European countries face more problems in the innovation creation process, African countries experience difficulty sustaining and managing innovation. To overcome barriers, we suggest the application of systematic early dialogue between all key stakeholders.

中文翻译：

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医疗保健和信息通信技术创新的创造和管理：欧洲和非洲的经验

该研究的目的是通过比较医疗保健和信息通信技术领域的现有创新创造和创新管理方法的最先进方法，获得对创新系统的新见解。它的独特之处在于它将非洲国家与欧洲国家进行比较，以确定在创新的创造和管理方面的异同。主要的相似之处在于，在所有国家的整个创新过程中，不同利益相关者之间的早期对话代表性不足。我们的结果还表明，各个利益相关者经常各自为政。主要区别在于各国在创新过程的不同阶段面临问题。而欧洲国家在创新创造过程中面临更多问题，非洲国家在维持和管理创新方面遇到困难。为了克服障碍，我们建议在所有关键利益相关者之间进行系统的早期对话。