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Sequence-specific nucleases as tools for enhancing disease resistance in crops.
Transgenic Research ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-01 , DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00137-2
Vladimir Nekrasov 1
Affiliation  

Genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas, have recently become valuable tools for plant reverse genetics as well as crop improvement, including enhancement of disease resistance. Targeting susceptibility (S) genes by genome editing has proven to be a viable strategy for generating resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens in various crops. Examples include generating loss-of-function mutations in promoter elements of the SWEET S genes, which are targeted by transcription activator-like effectors secreted by many phytopathogenic Xanthomonas bacteria, as well as in the conserved MLO locus that confers susceptibility to powdery mildew fungal pathogens in many monocots and dicots. In addition to genome editing applications, CRISPR/Cas systems can be used as means of defending plants against viruses via targeting viral genomic DNA or RNA. Genome editing is therefore a highly promising approach that enables engineering disease resistance to various plant pathogens directly in elite cultivar background in a highly precise manner. Unlike conventional crop breeding, genome editing approaches are not relying on lengthy and laborious crosses/back-crosses involving parental and progeny lines and can significantly shorten the breeding timeline. Taking into account the high potential of genome editing technologies for both basic and applied plant science, the recent decision of the European Court of Justice to define transgene-free genetically edited crops as GMOs is, clearly, a backward step for the EU.

中文翻译:

序列特异性核酸酶作为增强农作物抗病性的工具。

CRISPR / Cas等基因组编辑技术最近已成为用于植物反向遗传学以及作物改良(包括增强抗病性)的有价值的工具。已经证明,通过基因组编辑靶向敏感性基因是在各种农作物中产生对细菌和真菌病原体的抗性的可行策略。例子包括在SWEET S基因的启动子元件中产生功能丧失突变,这些突变被许多致病性黄单胞菌细菌分泌的转录激活因子样效应子以及在保守的MLO基因座中靶向,这些基因赋予白粉病真菌病原体敏感性在许多单子叶植物和双子叶植物中。除了基因组编辑应用程序外,CRISPR / Cas系统还可以用作通过靶向病毒基因组DNA或RNA来防御病毒的植物的方法。因此,基因组编辑是一种非常有前途的方法,它可以直接在优良品种背景下以高度精确的方式对各种植物病原体进行抗病工程设计。与常规作物育种不同,基因组编辑方法不依赖冗长而费力的杂交/回交,涉及亲本和后代系,并且可以大大缩短育种时间。考虑到基因组编辑技术在基础和应用植物科学上的巨大潜力,欧洲法院最近决定将无转基因的基因编辑作物定义为转基因生物显然是欧盟的后退一步。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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