Spillover effects are an expansion of conservation benefits beyond protected areas through dispersal of species that reside within. They have been well documented in marine but not terrestrial systems. To understand the effects on wildlife created by conservation fences, we explored the internal and external gradients of activity in mammal, reptile, and bird species at a conservation reserve in arid Australia that is fenced to exclude invasive rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), cats (Felis catus), and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Two methods were used: counts of animal tracks along transects on sand dunes and captures at pitfall-trapping sites. In both cases, sites were spaced at different distances from the reserve fenceline inside and outside the reserve. We recorded a range of spillover, source-sink, step, and barrier effects that combined to create a zone within and around the reserve with fence-induced species-specific wildlife gradients. Two endemic rodents but none of the 4 mammal species reintroduced to the reserve showed positive spillover effects. Barrier effects, where activity was highest close to the fence, were recorded for the feral cat and native bettong (Bettongia lesueur), species that could not breach the fence. In comparison, some reptiles and native mammal species that could permeate the fence displayed source-sink effects; that is, their activity levels were reduced close to the fence likely due to constant emigration to the side with lower density. Activity of some reptiles was lowest at core sites in the reserve and increased as distance toward the outside increased, a gradient likely related to trophic cascades triggered by predator exclusion. Our result show that fenced reserves can create overlapping layers of species-specific gradients related to each species' ability to permeate the fence and its varying susceptibility to threats. Managers should be aware that these gradients may extend for several kilometers either side of the fence and that not all contained species will increase in abundance. Creating wider conservation benefits may require increased fence permeability and threat reduction outside the fence. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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探索保护围栏产生的内部和外部野生动物梯度

溢出效应是通过分散居住在保护区内的物种，将保护利益扩展到保护区之外。它们在海洋系统中得到了很好的记录，但在陆地系统中却没有。为了了解保护围栏对野生动物的影响，我们探索了澳大利亚干旱保护区的哺乳动物、爬行动物和鸟类物种活动的内部和外部梯度，该保护区被围起来以排除入侵的兔子 (Oryctolagus cuniculus)、猫 (Felis catus) 和狐狸 (Vulpes vulpes)。使用了两种方法：沿沙丘横断面的动物踪迹计数和陷阱陷阱地点的捕获。在这两种情况下，站点与保护区内外的保护区围栏的距离不同。我们记录了一系列的溢出、源汇、步骤、和屏障效应相结合，在保护区内和周围创造了一个区域，该区域具有围栏引起的特定物种野生动物梯度。两种地方性啮齿动物，但重新引入保护区的 4 种哺乳动物中没有一种表现出积极的溢出效应。野猫和本地 betong (Bettongia lesueur) 的屏障效应在靠近围栏的地方活动最高，这些物种无法突破围栏。相比之下，一些可以渗透围栏的爬行动物和本地哺乳动物物种表现出源汇效应；也就是说，他们的活动水平在靠近围栏的地方减少了，这可能是由于不断迁徙到密度较低的一侧。一些爬行动物的活动在保护区的核心位置最低，并随着与外部距离的增加而增加，可能与捕食者排斥引发的营养级联有关的梯度。我们的结果表明，围栏保护区可以创建与每个物种渗透围栏的能力及其对威胁的不同敏感性相关的物种特定梯度的重叠层。管理人员应该意识到，这些梯度可能会在围栏两侧延伸数公里，并且并非所有包含的物种都会增加丰度。创造更广泛的保护效益可能需要增加围栏的渗透性并减少围栏外的威胁。本文受版权保护。版权所有。管理人员应该意识到，这些梯度可能会在围栏两侧延伸数公里，并且并非所有包含的物种都会增加丰度。创造更广泛的保护效益可能需要增加围栏的渗透性并减少围栏外的威胁。本文受版权保护。版权所有。管理人员应该意识到，这些梯度可能会在围栏两侧延伸数公里，并且并非所有包含的物种都会增加丰度。创造更广泛的保护效益可能需要增加围栏的渗透性并减少围栏外的威胁。本文受版权保护。版权所有。