Offspring outcomes are a function of maternal genetics operating on the intrauterine and postnatal environment, offspring genetics and environmental factors. Partitioning genetic effects into maternal and offspring components requires genotyped mother-offspring pairs or genotyped individuals with phenotypic information on themselves and their offspring. We performed asymptotic power calculations and data simulations to estimate power to detect maternal and offspring genetic effects under a range of different study designs and models. We also developed the "Maternal and offspring Genetic effects Power Calculator" (M-GPC), an online utility which allows users to estimate the power to detect maternal and offspring genetic effects in their own studies. We find that approximately 50,000 genotyped mother-offspring pairs will be required to detect realistically sized maternal or offspring genetic effects (> 0.1% variance explained) with appreciable power (power > 90%, α = 5 × 10-8, two degree of freedom test), whereas greater than 10,000 pairs will be required to determine whether known genetic loci have maternal and/or offspring genetic effects (power > 78%, α = 0.05). The structural equation modelling framework espoused in this manuscript provides a natural method of combining different data structures including those present in large scale biobanks in order to maximize power to detect maternal and offspring genetic effects. We conclude that the sample sizes required to detect maternal or offspring genetic effects that explain realistic proportions of the trait variance with appreciable power are achievable and within the range of current research consortia.

中文翻译：

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在遗传关联研究中计算检测母体和后代遗传效应的能力。

后代结果是母体遗传学对宫内和产后环境、后代遗传学和环境因素起作用的函数。将遗传效应划分为母体和后代成分需要基因分型的母-后代对或具有自身及其后代表型信息的基因分型个体。我们进行了渐近功效计算和数据模拟，以估计在一系列不同研究设计和模型下检测母体和后代遗传效应的功效。我们还开发了“母体和后代遗传效应功率计算器”(M-GPC)，这是一个在线实用程序，允许用户估计在他们自己的研究中检测母体和后代遗传效应的功率。我们发现大约 50，将需要 000 个基因分型的母-后代对来检测具有可观功效（功效 > 90%，α = 5 × 10-8，二自由度检验）的实际大小的母体或后代遗传效应（解释的方差 > 0.1%），而需要超过 10,000 对才能确定已知基因位点是否具有母体和/或后代遗传效应（功效 > 78%，α = 0.05）。本手稿中支持的结构方程建模框架提供了一种自然方法，可以组合不同的数据结构，包括那些存在于大规模生物库中的数据结构，以最大限度地提高检测母体和后代遗传效应的能力。