BACKGROUND Health information systems have developed rapidly and considerably during the last decades, taking advantage of many new technologies. Robots used in operating theaters represent an exceptional example of this trend. Yet, the more these systems are designed to act autonomously and intelligently, the more complex and ethical questions arise about serious implications of how future hybrid clinical team-machine interactions ought to be envisioned, in situations where actions and their decision-making are continuously shared between humans and machines. OBJECTIVES To discuss the many different viewpoints-from surgery, robotics, medical informatics, law, and ethics-that the challenges of novel team-machine interactions raise, together with potential consequences for health information systems, in particular on how to adequately consider what hybrid actions can be specified, and in which sense these do imply a sharing of autonomous decisions between (teams of) humans and machines, with robotic systems in operating theaters as an example. RESULTS Team-machine interaction and hybrid action of humans and intelligent machines, as is now becoming feasible, will lead to fundamental changes in a wide range of applications, not only in the context of robotic systems in surgical operating theaters. Collaboration of surgical teams in operating theaters as well as the roles, competencies, and responsibilities of humans (health care professionals) and machines (robotic systems) need to be reconsidered. Hospital information systems will in future not only have humans as users, but also provide the ground for actions of intelligent machines. CONCLUSIONS The expected significant changes in the relationship of humans and machines can only be appropriately analyzed and considered by inter- and multidisciplinary collaboration. Fundamentally new approaches are needed to construct the reasonable concepts surrounding hybrid action that will take into account the ascription of responsibility to the radically different types of human versus nonhuman intelligent agents involved.

中文翻译：

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手术室机器人系统：卫生保健中团队与机器交互的新形式。

背景技术在过去的几十年中，利用许多新技术，健康信息系统得到了迅速而显着的发展。手术室中使用的机器人代表了这一趋势的杰出例子。然而，这些系统被设计为能够自主和智能地运行的越多，在持续共享行动及其决策的情况下，关于如何设想未来的混合临床团队-机器交互的严重影响就产生了更加复杂和道德的问题。在人与机器之间。目的要讨论外科，机器人，医学信息学，法律和伦理学等许多不同的观点，这些观点提出了新颖的团队与机器互动的挑战以及对健康信息系统的潜在影响，尤其是在如何充分考虑可以指定哪些混合动作方面，以及从某种意义上讲，这些确实暗示着人和机器（团队）之间自主决策的共享，例如手术室的机器人系统。结果如今，变得可行的人机与智能机之间的团队-机器交互以及混合动作，不仅在外科手术室的机器人系统中，还将导致广泛应用的根本变化。需要重新考虑手术室中手术团队的协作以及人员（医疗保健专业人员）和机器（机器人系统）的角色，能力和责任。未来，医院信息系统将不仅以人类为用户，而且还将为智能机器的行动提供基础。结论人与机器之间关系的预期重大变化只能通过跨学科和跨学科的合作进行适当的分析和考虑。从根本上需要新的方法来构建围绕混合行动的合理概念，该概念将考虑对涉及的根本不同类型的人类和非人类智能主体的责任归属。