Propiconazole is a triazole fungicide used in agriculture. Via run-off, it can enter the aquatic environment, and can adversely affect organisms. However, data are scarce on how propiconazole may affect early developmental life stages of fish. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential sub-lethal effects of propiconazole during zebrafish development. Wildtype zebrafish (ABTu strain) embryos and larvae were exposed to propiconazole (0.1-100 μM) for up to 150 hours post fertilization (hpf) depending upon the endpoint measured. Propiconazole decreased survival and induced hypopigmentation in fish at 100 μM compared to the water and solvent controls. Pericardial edema was also noted in embryos and larvae (beginning at 2-3 dpf) exposed to 100 μM propiconazole. To visualize the effects of propiconazole on the circulatory system in more detail, we exposed transgenic zebrafish (globin-LCR:eGFP) to the fungicide. Hematopoietic changes were observed within 48 h of exposure to 100 μM, and localization of blood cells in the cardic region became diffuse, indicating pooling of blood in the pericardial region. We measured oxidative respiration in embryos as sufficient ATP is needed for development. Exposure to 100 μM propiconazole (~6-30 hpf) reduced basal respiration (~50%), oligomycin-induced ATP linked respiration (~70%), proton leak (~30%), and non-mitochondrial respiration (~50%), indicating compromised mitochondrial bioenergetics. A Visual Motor Response (VMR) test was used to measure dark photokinesis behavior in larval fish exposed to propiconazole for a 6-day period. Larval fish exposed to the highest concentration in the assay (10 μM) showed evidence of hypoactivity. This study demonstrates that propiconazole can induce hypopigmentation in zebrafish, disrupt mitochondrial bioenergetics, and can alter locomotor activity. However, these sub-lethal responses were observed at concentrations above what is typically detected in the environment.

中文翻译：

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三唑类杀菌剂丙环唑对斑马鱼发育（Danio rerio），氧化呼吸和幼虫运动活性的亚致死作用。

丙哌唑是一种用于农业的三唑类杀菌剂。通过径流，它可以进入水生环境，并对生物产生不利影响。但是，关于丙环唑如何影响鱼类早期发育阶段的数据很少。这项研究的目的是评估在斑马鱼发育过程中丙环唑的潜在亚致死作用。受精后（hpf），野生型斑马鱼（ABTu品系）胚胎和幼虫要暴露于丙环唑（0.1-100μM）长达150小时，具体取决于所测终点。与水和溶剂对照组相比，丙哌唑在100μM的鱼类中降低了存活率并引起色素减退。在暴露于100μM丙环唑的胚胎和幼虫中（从2-3 dpf开始）还发现了心包水肿。为了更详细地观察丙环唑对循环系统的影响，我们将转基因斑马鱼（globin-LCR：eGFP）暴露于杀菌剂中。暴露于100μM后48小时内观察到造血变化，心脏区域血细胞的分布变得分散，表明心包区域有血池。我们测量了胚胎中的氧化呼吸，因为发育需要足够的ATP。暴露于100μM丙环唑（〜6-30 hpf）会降低基础呼吸（〜50％），寡霉素诱导的ATP连锁呼吸（〜70％），质子泄漏（〜30％）和非线粒体呼吸（〜50％） ），表明线粒体生物能学受损。视觉运动反应（VMR）测试用于测量暴露于丙环唑达6天的幼体鱼的黑暗光动力学行为。在试验中暴露于最高浓度（10μM）的幼鱼显示出活性不足的证据。这项研究表明，丙环唑可以诱导斑马鱼色素沉着不足，破坏线粒体的生物能，并改变运动能力。但是，在高于环境中通常检测到的浓度下观察到了这些亚致死反应。