Anthropogenic disturbances have a detrimental impact on the natural world; the vast expansion of palm oil monocultures is one of the most significant agricultural influences. Primates worldwide consequently have been affected by the loss of their natural ecosystems. Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascilularis) in Southern Thailand have, however, learned to exploit oil palm nuts using stone tools. Using camera traps, we captured the stone tool behavior of one macaque group in Ao Phang-Nga National Park. Line transects placed throughout an abandoned oil palm plantation confirmed a high abundance of nut cracking sites. Long-tailed macaques previously have been observed using stone tools to harvest shellfish along the coasts of Thailand and Myanmar. The novel nut processing behavior indicates the successful transfer of existing lithic technology to a new food source. Such behavioral plasticity has been suggested to underlie cultural behavior in animals, suggesting that long-tailed macaques have potential to exhibit cultural tendencies. The use of tools to process oil palm nuts across multiple primate species allows direct comparisons between stone tool using nonhuman primates living in anthropogenic environments.

中文翻译：

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野生猕猴 (Macaca fascicularis) 对人为变化的技术响应

人为干扰对自然界产生不利影响；棕榈油单一栽培的大规模扩张是最重要的农业影响之一。因此，全世界的灵长类动物都受到了自然生态系统丧失的影响。然而，泰国南部的长尾猕猴（Macaca fascilularis）已经学会了使用石器来开采油棕果。使用相机陷阱，我们捕捉到了攀牙湾国家公园中一个猕猴群的石器行为。在整个废弃油棕种植园中放置的线断面证实了大量的坚果开裂地点。以前曾观察到长尾猕猴使用石器在泰国和缅甸海岸收获贝类。新的坚果加工行为表明现有的石块技术成功转移到新的食物来源。这种行为可塑性被认为是动物文化行为的基础，这表明长尾猕猴有可能表现出文化倾向。使用工具处理多种灵长类动物的油棕坚果，可以直接比较使用生活在人为环境中的非人类灵长类动物的石器。