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Retinal Morphology and Visual Specializations in Three Species of Chimaeras, the Deep-Sea R. pacifica and C. lignaria, and the Vertical Migrator C. milii (Holocephali).
Brain, Behavior and Evolution ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2018-08-22 , DOI: 10.1159/000490655
Eduardo Garza-Gisholt 1, 2 , Nathan S Hart 3, 4 , Shaun P Collin 3
Affiliation  

The majority of holocephalans live in the mesopelagic zone of the deep ocean, where there is little or no sunlight, but some species migrate to brightly lit shallow waters to reproduce. This study compares the retinal morphology of two species of deep-sea chimaeras, the Pacific spookfish (Rhinochimaera pacifica) and the Carpenter's chimaera (Chimaera lignaria), with the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii), a vertical migrator that lives in the mesopelagic zone but migrates to shallow water to reproduce. The two deep-sea chimaera species possess pure rod retinae with long photoreceptor outer segments that might serve to increase visual sensitivity. In contrast, the retina of the elephant shark possesses rods, with an outer-segment length significantly shorter (a mean of 34 µm) than in the deep-sea species, and cones, and therefore the potential for color vision. The retinal ganglion cell distribution closely follows that of the photoreceptor populations in all three species, but there is a lower peak density of these cells in both deep-sea species (215-275 cells/mm2 vs. 769 cells/mm2 in the elephant shark), which represents a significant increase in the convergence of visual information (summation ratio) from photoreceptors to ganglion cells. It is evident that the eyes of deep-sea chimaeras have increased sensitivity to detect objects under low levels of light, but at the expense of both resolution and the capacity for color vision. In contrast, the elephant shark has a lower sensitivity, but the potential for color discrimination and a higher visual acuity.

中文翻译:

三种形态的Chimaeras,深海R. pacifica和C. lignaria以及垂直迁移器C. milii(Holocephali)的视网膜形态和视觉专长。

大部分头足类动物生活在深海的中层带,那里几乎没有阳光,但是有些物种迁移到明亮的浅水区繁殖。这项研究比较了两种深海chimaeras的视网膜形态,即太平洋幽灵鱼(Rhinochimaera pacifica)和Carpenter's chimaera(Chimaera lignaria)与象鲨(Callorhinchus milii)(一种生活在近中生带但垂直的迁徙者)的关系。迁移到浅水繁殖。这两种深海奇马藻物种具有纯的杆状视网膜,具有长的感光细胞外段,可能会增加视觉灵敏度。相比之下,象鲨的视网膜具有杆状体,其外段长度比深海物种的杆状体明显短(平均34 µm),并且圆锥体 因此具有彩色视觉的潜力。在所有三个物种中,视网膜神经节细胞的分布均紧随感光细胞的分布,但是在两个深海物种中,这些细胞的峰值密度较低(象鲨中的密度为215-275个/ mm2,而鲨鱼中为769个/ mm2 ),表示从感光器到神经节细胞的视觉信息(总和)的会聚性显着增加。显然,深海chimaeras的眼睛在弱光条件下检测物体的灵敏度提高了,但是却以分辨率和彩色视觉的能力为代价。相比之下,象鲨的敏感度较低,但可能会出现颜色歧视和较高的视敏度。在所有三个物种中,视网膜神经节细胞的分布均紧随感光细胞的分布,但是在两个深海物种中,这些细胞的峰值密度较低(象鲨中的密度为215-275个/ mm2,而鲨鱼中为769个/ mm2 ),表示从感光器到神经节细胞的视觉信息(总和)的会聚性显着增加。显然,深海chimaeras的眼睛在弱光条件下检测物体的灵敏度提高了,但是却以分辨率和彩色视觉的能力为代价。相比之下,象鲨的敏感度较低,但可能会出现颜色歧视和较高的视敏度。在所有三个物种中,视网膜神经节细胞的分布均紧随感光细胞的分布,但是在两个深海物种中,这些细胞的峰值密度较低(象鲨中的密度为215-275个/ mm2,而鲨鱼中为769个/ mm2 ),表示从感光器到神经节细胞的视觉信息(总和)的会聚性显着增加。显然,深海chimaeras的眼睛在弱光条件下检测物体的灵敏度提高了,但是却以分辨率和彩色视觉的能力为代价。相比之下,象鲨的敏感度较低,但可能会出现颜色歧视和较高的视敏度。象鲨中有769个细胞/ mm2),这表示从感光器到神经节细胞的视觉信息(总和)的会聚性显着增加。显然,深海chimaeras的眼睛在弱光条件下检测物体的灵敏度提高了,但是却以分辨率和彩色视觉的能力为代价。相比之下,象鲨的敏感度较低,但可能会出现颜色歧视和较高的视敏度。象鲨中有769个细胞/ mm2),这表示从感光器到神经节细胞的视觉信息(总和)的会聚性显着增加。显然,深海chimaeras的眼睛在弱光条件下检测物体的灵敏度提高了,但是却以分辨率和彩色视觉的能力为代价。相比之下,象鲨的敏感度较低,但可能会出现颜色歧视和较高的视敏度。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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