Allogeneic peripheral nerve (PN) transplants are an effective bridge for stimulating regeneration of segmental PN defects, but there are currently no detailed studies about the timeline and scope of the immunological response for PN allografting. In this study, the cellular immune response in PN allografts and autograft was studied during the acute and chronic phases of a 1.0 cm critical size defect in the rat sciatic nerve at 3, 7, 14, 28 and 98 days after grafting autologous or allogeneic nerves without any immunosuppressive treatment. The assessment was based on functional, histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical criteria. Results showed modestly better functional outcomes for autografts with coordinate and adaptive immune response represented by the presence of CD11c, CD3, CD4, NKp46 and CD8 cells at 3 days, CD45R positive cells and CD25 positive cells at seven and CD45R positive cells at 14 days which seems an adaptive immune response. In contrast, allograft in the early time points showed innate immune response instead of adaptive immune response until day 14, when there was some increase in cell-mediated immunity. In conclusion, in PN autografts the immune system is synchronic initiating with a more robust early innate response that more rapidly transitions to adaptive while for PN allografts the infiltration of immune cells is slower and more gradually progresses to a moderate adaptive response.

同种异体周围神经（PN）移植是刺激节段性PN缺损再生的有效桥梁，但是目前尚无关于PN同种异体移植免疫反应的时间表和范围的详细研究。在这项研究中，在自体或异体神经移植后3、7、14、28和98天，在大鼠坐骨神经1.0 cm临界尺寸缺损的急性和慢性阶段，研究了PN同种异体移植和自体移植中的细胞免疫反应。无需任何免疫抑制治疗。评估基于功能，组织形态计量学和免疫组化标准。结果显示，在第3天，以CD11c，CD3，CD4，NKp46和CD8细胞的存在为代表的自体移植具有协调和适应性免疫应答的功能性适度好转，在第7天的CD45R阳性细胞和CD25阳性细胞，在第14天的CD45R阳性细胞，这似乎是一种适应性免疫应答。相反，同种异体移植在早期时间点显示先天免疫反应，而不是适应性免疫反应，直到第14天时细胞介导的免疫反应有所增加。总而言之，在PN自体移植中，免疫系统与更强大的早期先天反应同步启动，该先天反应更快地转变为适应性，而对于PN同种移植，免疫细胞的渗透较慢，并且逐渐发展为中等适应性反应。当细胞介导的免疫力增加时 总之，在PN自体移植中，免疫系统与更强的早期先天反应同步启动，该先天反应更迅速地转变为适应性，而对于PN同种异体移植，免疫细胞的浸入速度较慢，并且逐渐发展为中等适应性反应。当细胞介导的免疫力增加时 总之，在PN自体移植中，免疫系统与更强的早期先天反应同步启动，该先天反应更迅速地转变为适应性，而对于PN同种异体移植，免疫细胞的浸入速度较慢，并且逐渐发展为中等适应性反应。