There is a burgeoning psychological literature indicating that health professionals are influenced in their clinical judgment and decision making by implicit biases. Implicit biases are automatic and unintentional associations that are made between members of particular social groups (racial, gender, socioeconomic, and so on) and certain traits (e.g., laziness, greed, athleticism, and so on) or affective responses (i.e., positive or negative affectivity). When automatic stereotyping occurs through the operation of implicit bias, people are associated with particular traits in virtue of their social group membership rather than their other personal characteristics. This stereotyping has been found to influence the judgment and decision making of health professionals, leading to differential medical outcomes. The quality of care that patients receive can be determined in part by their social group membership and the associations that are made with their social group by those responsible for patient care. The operation of implicit biases can thus bring substantial ethical costs , leading health professionals to treat their patients in ways that are unfair and unjust. Ethical principles of justice and fairness demand that differential outcomes are eradicated (see, e.g., Matthew 2015). They demand that people are treated equally, and given equal access to high-quality health care, without stereotypes about the social groups to which they appear to belong impacting upon the care that they receive. Ethical demands thus prima facie favor interventions that prevent health professionals from being responsive to the social group status of their patients in their clinical judgment and decision making. However, it can be crucial to successful clinical judgment and decision making that health professionals are responsive to the social group status of their patients. Certain conditions are significantly more prevalent in some social groups than others. For health professionals to make correct clinical judgments, they need to reflect the prevalence of medical conditions across different groups. In addition to this, health professionals who engage in interactions with their patients that are required to obtain the information required to make correct diagnoses and treatment decisions will often discover their social group status. For these reasons, it seems that with respect to epistemic goals, gaining true belief, knowledge, or understanding about patients’ conditions, health professionals should be responsive to their patients’ social group status.

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刻板印象患者

新兴的心理学文献表明，卫生专业人员的临床判断和决策受到隐性偏见的影响。内隐偏见是特定社会群体（种族、性别、社会经济等）的成员与某些特征（例如懒惰、贪婪、运动能力等）或情感反应（即积极或负面影响）。当通过隐性偏见的作用发生自动刻板印象时，人们会根据他们的社会群体成员身份而不是其他个人特征与特定特征相关联。已发现这种刻板印象会影响卫生专业人员的判断和决策，从而导致不同的医疗结果。患者接受的护理质量部分取决于他们的社会团体成员资格以及负责患者护理的人与其社会团体建立的联系。因此，隐性偏见的运作会带来巨大的道德成本，导致卫生专业人员以不公平和不公正的方式对待患者。正义和公平的道德原则要求根除不同的结果（例如，参见 Matthew 2015）。他们要求人们得到平等对待，并给予平等获得高质量医疗保健的机会，而对他们似乎所属的社会群体的刻板印象不会影响他们接受的护理。因此，道德要求从表面上看有利于防止卫生专业人员在临床判断和决策中对患者的社会群体状况做出反应的干预措施。然而，对于成功的临床判断和决策而言，卫生专业人员对其患者的社会群体状况做出反应可能是至关重要的。某些情况在某些社会群体中比在其他群体中更为普遍。为了让卫生专业人员做出正确的临床判断，他们需要反映不同群体的医疗状况的流行情况。除此之外，与患者互动以获得做出正确诊断和治疗决策所需的信息的卫生专业人员通常会发现他们的社会群体地位。由于这些原因，