The routine therapeutic use of antibiotics has caused resistance genes to be disseminated across microbial populations. In particular, bacterial strains having antibiotic resistance genes are frequently observed in the human microbiome. Moreover, multidrug-resistant pathogens are now widely spread, threatening public health. Such genes are transferred and spread among bacteria even in different environments. Advances in high throughput sequencing technology and computational algorithms have accelerated investigation into antibiotic resistance genes of bacteria. Such studies have revealed that the antibiotic resistance genes are located close to the mobility-associated genes, which promotes their dissemination. An increasing level of information on genomic sequences of resistome should expedite research on drug-resistance in our body and environment, thereby contributing to the development of public health policy. In this review, the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and their exchange in the human and environmental microbiome is discussed with respect to the genomic contents. The relationships among diverse resistomes, related bacterial species, and the antibiotics are reviewed. In addition, recent advances in bioinformatics approaches to investigate such relationships are discussed.

中文翻译：

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人类和环境微生物组中抗性组的不同分布

抗生素的常规治疗使用导致耐药基因在微生物种群中传播。特别是，在人类微生物组中经常观察到具有抗生素抗性基因的细菌菌株。此外，多重耐药病原体现在广泛传播，威胁着公众健康。即使在不同的环境中，这些基因也会在细菌之间转移和传播。高通量测序技术和计算算法的进步加速了对细菌抗生素抗性基因的研究。此类研究表明，抗生素抗性基因位于移动相关基因附近，这促进了它们的传播。越来越多的耐药组基因组序列信息应该会加速我们身体和环境中耐药性的研究，从而促进公共卫生政策的发展。在这篇综述中，就基因组内容讨论了抗生素抗性基因的高流行及其在人类和环境微生物组中的交换。综述了不同抗性组、相关细菌种类和抗生素之间的关系。此外，还讨论了研究此类关系的生物信息学方法的最新进展。综述了不同抗性组、相关细菌种类和抗生素之间的关系。此外，还讨论了研究此类关系的生物信息学方法的最新进展。综述了不同抗性组、相关细菌种类和抗生素之间的关系。此外，还讨论了研究此类关系的生物信息学方法的最新进展。