A vast community of commensal microorganisms, commonly referred to as the gut microbiota, colonizes the gastrointestinal tract (GI). The involvement of the gut microbiota in the maintenance of the gut ecosystem is two-fold: it educates host immune cells and protects the host from pathogens. However, when healthy microbial composition and function are disrupted (dysbiosis), the dysbiotic gut microbiota can trigger the initiation and development of various GI diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD, primarily includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is a major global public health problem affecting over 1 million patients in the United States alone. Accumulating evidence suggests that various environmental and genetic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. In particular, the gut microbiota is a key factor associated with the triggering and presentation of disease. Gut dysbiosis in patients with IBD is defined as a reduction of beneficial commensal bacteria and an enrichment of potentially harmful commensal bacteria (pathobionts). However, as of now it is largely unknown whether gut dysbiosis is a cause or a consequence of IBD. Recent technological advances have made it possible to address this question and investigate the functional impact of dysbiotic microbiota on IBD. In this review, we will discuss the recent advances in the field, focusing on host-microbial cross-talk in IBD.

中文翻译：

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炎症性肠病中的宿主微生物串扰

庞大的共生微生物群落，通常被称为肠道微生物群，定植于胃肠道 (GI)。肠道微生物群在维持肠道生态系统中的作用有两个方面：它教育宿主免疫细胞并保护宿主免受病原体侵害。然而，当健康的微生物组成和功能被破坏（生态失调）时，肠道菌群失调会引发各种胃肠道疾病，包括炎症性肠病（IBD）。IBD 主要包括溃疡性结肠炎 (UC) 和克罗恩病 (CD)，是一种主要的全球公共卫生问题，仅在美国就有超过 100 万患者受到影响。越来越多的证据表明，各种环境和遗传因素有助于 IBD 的发病机制。特别是，肠道微生物群是与疾病的触发和表现相关的关键因素。IBD 患者的肠道菌群失调被定义为有益共生菌的减少和潜在有害共生菌（致病菌）的增加。然而，到目前为止，肠道菌群失调是 IBD 的原因还是结果尚不清楚。最近的技术进步使解决这个问题成为可能，并研究了失调的微生物群对 IBD 的功能影响。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论该领域的最新进展，重点是 IBD 中的宿主-微生物串扰。然而，到目前为止，肠道菌群失调是 IBD 的原因还是结果尚不清楚。最近的技术进步使解决这个问题成为可能，并研究了失调的微生物群对 IBD 的功能影响。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论该领域的最新进展，重点是 IBD 中的宿主-微生物串扰。然而，到目前为止，肠道菌群失调是 IBD 的原因还是结果尚不清楚。最近的技术进步使解决这个问题成为可能，并研究了失调的微生物群对 IBD 的功能影响。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论该领域的最新进展，重点是 IBD 中的宿主-微生物串扰。