The molecular and genetic basis for the evolution of anatomical diversity is a major question that has inspired evolutionary and developmental biologists for decades. Because morphology takes form during development, a true comprehension of how anatomical structures evolve requires an understanding of the evolutionary events that alter developmental genetic programs. Vast gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that connect transcription factors to their target regulatory sequences control gene expression in time and space and therefore determine the tissue-specific genetic programs that shape morphological structures. In recent years, many new examples have greatly advanced our understanding of the genetic alterations that modify GRNs to generate newly evolved morphologies. Here, we review several aspects of GRN evolution, including their deep preservation, their mechanisms of alteration, and how they originate to generate novel developmental programs.

中文翻译：

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揭开缠结的绞线：转录调控网络在发展中的演变。

解剖多样性进化的分子和遗传基础是一个重大问题，数十年来一直激发着进化生物学家和发育生物学家的灵感。因为形态学在发育过程中形成，所以要真正理解解剖结构如何进化，就需要了解会改变发育遗传程序的进化事件。将转录因子连接至其靶调控序列的庞大基因调控网络（GRN）可以在时间和空间上控制基因表达，因此可以确定形成形态结构的组织特异性遗传程序。近年来，许多新的例子极大地增进了我们对修饰GRNs产生新进化形态的遗传改变的理解。在这里，我们回顾了GRN演进的几个方面，