Web services are analogous to living ecosystems in nature, in that they form an artificial ecosystem consisting of many tags and their associated media, such as photographs, movies, and web pages created by human users. In biological ecosystems, we view a tag as a species and a human as a hidden environmental resource. Our study examines the evolution of web services, in particular social tagging systems, with respect to the self-organization of new tags. The evolution of new combinations of tags is analyzed as an open-ended evolution (OEE) index. Tag meaning is computed by types of associated tags, including tags that vary their meanings temporally, which, we argue, are examples of OEE.

中文翻译：

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开放式进化和 Web 服务的创新机制

Web 服务类似于自然界中的生命生态系统，因为它们形成了一个人工生态系统，其中包含许多标签及其相关媒体，例如人类用户创建的照片、电影和网页。在生物生态系统中，我们将标签视为物种，将人类视为隐藏的环境资源。我们的研究考察了网络服务的演变，特别是社会标签系统，与新标签的自组织有关。标签新组合的演变被分析为开放式演变 (OEE) 指数。标签含义由相关标签的类型计算，包括随时间变化含义的标签，我们认为这是 OEE 的例子。