This article presents a high-level conceptual framework to help orient the discussion and implementation of open-endedness in evolutionary systems. Drawing upon earlier work by Banzhaf et al. (2016), three different kinds of open-endedness are identified: exploratory, expansive, and transformational. These are characterized in terms of their relationship to the search space of phenotypic behaviors. A formalism is introduced to describe three key processes required for an evolutionary process: the generation of a phenotype from a genetic description, the evaluation of that phenotype, and the reproduction with variation of individuals according to their evaluation. The formalism makes explicit various influences in each of these processes that can easily be overlooked. The distinction is made between intrinsic and extrinsic implementations of these processes. A discussion then investigates how various interactions between these processes, and their modes of implementation, can lead to open-endedness. However, an important contribution of the article is the demonstration that these considerations relate to exploratory open-endedness only. Conditions for the implementation of the more interesting kinds of open-endedness—expansive and transformational—are also discussed, emphasizing factors such as multiple domains of behavior, transdomain bridges, and non-additive compositional systems. In contrast to a traditional Darwinian analysis, these factors relate not to the generic evolutionary properties of individuals and populations, but rather to the nature of the building blocks out of which individual organisms are constructed, and the laws and properties of the environment in which they exist. The article ends with suggestions of how the framework can be used to categorize and compare the open-ended evolutionary potential of different systems, how it might guide the design of systems with greater capacity for open-ended evolution, and how it might be further improved.

中文翻译：

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进化创新以及在哪里找到它们：自然和人工系统中开放式进化的途径

本文提出了一个高级概念框架，以帮助引导进化系统中开放性的讨论和实施。借鉴 Banzhaf 等人的早期工作。(2016)，确定了三种不同类型的开放性：探索性、扩张性和变革性。它们的特征在于它们与表型行为的搜索空间的关系。引入了一种形式主义来描述进化过程所需的三个关键过程：从遗传描述中产生表型、对该表型的评估以及根据他们的评估进行个体变异的繁殖。形式主义在这些过程中的每一个中都产生了明确的各种影响，这些影响很容易被忽视。区分这些过程的内在和外在实现。然后讨论调查这些过程之间的各种交互及其实施模式如何导致开放性。然而，本文的一个重要贡献是证明这些考虑仅与探索性开放性有关。还讨论了更有趣的开放性类型（扩展性和转换性）的实施条件，强调了多个行为域、跨域桥梁和非可加组合系统等因素。与传统的达尔文分析相反，这些因素与个体和种群的一般进化特性无关，而是构建个体有机体的组成部分的性质，以及它们存在的环境的规律和特性。文章最后提出了如何使用该框架对不同系统的开放式进化潜力进行分类和比较的建议，它如何指导具有更大开放式进化能力的系统的设计，以及如何进一步改进它.