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EEG Neurofeedback Training in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Cognitive and Behavioral Outcome Study
Clinical EEG and Neuroscience ( IF 2 ) Pub Date : 2018-11-20 , DOI: 10.1177/1550059418813034
E A Shereena 1 , R K Gupta 1 , C N Bennett 2 , K J V Sagar 1 , J Rajeswaran 1
Affiliation  

Background. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent childhood disorder with symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. EEG neurofeedback training (NFT) is a new intervention modality based on operant conditioning of brain activity, which helps reduce symptoms of ADHD in children. Methods and Procedures. To examine the efficacy of NFT in children with ADHD, an experimental longitudinal design with pre-post comparison was adopted. A total of 30 children in the age range of 6 to 12 years diagnosed as ADHD with or without comorbid conditions were assigned to treatment group (TG; n = 15) and treatment as usual group (TAU; n = 15). TG received EEG-NFT along with routine clinical management and TAU received routine clinical management alone. Forty sessions of theta/beta NFT at the C3 scalp location, 3 to 4 sessions in a week for a period of 3.5 to 5 months were given to children in TG. Children were screened using sociodemographic data and Binet-Kamat test of intelligence. Pre-and postassessment tools were neuropsychological tests and behavioral scales. Follow-up was carried out on 8 children in TG using parent-rated behavioral measures. Results. Improvement was reported in TG on cognitive functions (sustained attention, verbal working memory, and response inhibition), parent- and teacher-rated behavior problems and on academic performance rated by teachers. Follow-up of children who received NFT showed sustained improvement in ADHD symptoms when assessed 6 months after receiving NFT. Conclusion. The present study suggests that NFT is an effective method to enhance cognitive deficits and helps reduce ADHD symptoms and behavior problems. Consequently, academic performance was found to be improved in children with ADHD. Improvement in ADHD symptoms induced by NFT were maintained at 6-month follow-up in children with ADHD.

中文翻译:

注意力缺陷/多动障碍儿童的脑电图神经反馈训练:一项认知和行为结果研究

背景。注意缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 是一种高度流行的儿童期疾病,具有注意力不集中、冲动和多动的症状。EEG 神经反馈训练 (NFT) 是一种基于大脑活动的操作性条件反射的新干预方式,有助于减轻儿童多动症的症状。方法和程序。为了检查 NFT 对 ADHD 儿童的疗效,采用了具有前后比较的实验纵向设计。总共有 30 名年龄在 6 至 12 岁被诊断为有或没有合并症的 ADHD 儿童被分配到治疗组(TG;n = 15)和常规治疗组(TAU;n = 15)。TG 接受 EEG-NFT 以及常规临床管理,而 TAU 仅接受常规临床管理。在 C3 头皮位置进行四十次 theta/beta NFT,TG 儿童每周接受 3 至 4 次治疗,为期 3.5 至 5 个月。使用社会人口统计数据和 Binet-Kamat 智力测试对儿童进行筛查。前后评估工具是神经心理学测试和行为量表。使用父母评定的行为措施对 TG 的 8 名儿童进行了随访。结果。TG 在认知功能(持续注意力、语言工作记忆和反应抑制)、家长和教师评定的行为问题以及教师评定的学业成绩方面报告了改善。在接受 NFT 后 6 个月进行评估时,对接受 NFT 的儿童的随访显示 ADHD 症状持续改善。结论。目前的研究表明,NFT 是一种增强认知缺陷并有助于减少 ADHD 症状和行为问题的有效方法。因此,发现多动症儿童的学业成绩有所提高。由 NFT 诱导的 ADHD 症状的改善在 ADHD 儿童的 6 个月随访中得以维持。
更新日期:2018-11-20
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