Despite their enormous advantages, nanoparticles (NPs) have elicited disquiet over their safety. Among the numerous NPs, yttrium oxide (Y2O3) NPs are utilised in many applications. However, knowledge about their toxicity is limited, and it is imperative to investigate their potential adverse effects. Therefore, this study explored the effect of 28 days of repeated oral exposure of Wistar rats to 30, 120 and 480 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day of Y2O3 NPs and microparticles (MPs). Before initiation of the study, characterisation of the particles by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and laser Doppler velocimetry was undertaken. Genotoxicity was evaluated using the comet and micronucleus (MN) assays. Biochemical markers aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase and lactate dehydrogenase in serum, liver and kidney were determined. Bioaccumulation of the particles was analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The results of the comet and MN assays showed significant differences between the control and groups treated with 120 and 480 mg/kg bw/day Y2O3 NPs. Significant biochemical alterations were also observed at 120 and 480 mg/kg bw/day. Haematological and histopathological changes were documented. Yttrium (Y) biodistribution was detected in liver, kidney, blood, intestine, lungs, spleen, heart and brain in a dose- and the organ-dependent manner in both the particles. Further, the highest levels of Y were found in the liver and the lowest in the brain of the treated rats. More of the Y from NPs was excreted in the urine than in the faeces. Furthermore, NP-treated rats exhibited much higher absorption and tissue accumulation. These interpretations furnish rudimentary data of the apparent genotoxicity of NPs and MPs of Y2O3 as well as the biodistribution of Y. A no-observed adverse effect level of 30 mg/kg bw/day was found after oral exposure of rats to Y2O3 NPs.

中文翻译：

---

重复口服28天后，对Wistar大鼠中氧化钇纳米微粒和微粒的毒理学评估的比较研究。

尽管纳米粒子具有巨大的优势，但其安全性却引起了人们的不安。在众多NP中，氧化钇（Y2O3）NP被用于许多应用中。但是，有关其毒性的知识是有限的，必须研究其潜在的不良反应。因此，本研究探讨了Wistar大鼠反复口服28天每天30、120和480 mg / kg体重（bw）的Y2O3 NP和微粒（MP）的影响。在开始研究之前，通过透射电子显微镜，动态光散射，Brunauer-Emmett-Teller和激光多普勒测速仪对颗粒进行了表征。使用彗星和微核（MN）分析评估了遗传毒性。生化标志物天冬氨酸转氨酶，丙氨酸转氨酶，碱性磷酸酶，丙二醛，测定血清，肝脏和肾脏中的超氧化物歧化酶，还原型谷胱甘肽，过氧化氢酶和乳酸脱氢酶。通过感应耦合等离子体光学发射光谱法分析颗粒的生物累积。彗星和MN分析的结果表明，对照组与接受120和480 mg / kg bw /天Y2O3 NP处理的组之间存在显着差异。在120和480 mg / kg bw /天时也观察到重大的生化变化。记录了血液学和组织病理学变化。钇（Y）在肝脏，肾脏，血液，肠，肺，脾脏，心脏和大脑中的生物分布均以剂量和器官依赖性方式在两个颗粒中检测到。此外，在被治疗的大鼠的肝脏中发现最高的Y水平，而在大脑中发现最低的Y水平。从NPs中排出的Y比从粪便中排出的更多。此外，NP处理的大鼠表现出更高的吸收和组织积累。这些解释提供了Y2O3的NPs和MPs的明显遗传毒性以及Y的生物分布的基本数据。在大鼠口服Y2O3 NPs后发现未观察到的30 mg / kg bw / day的不良反应水平。