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Ernst Haeckel and the philosophy of sponges.
Theory in Biosciences ( IF 1.1 ) Pub Date : 2019-03-13 , DOI: 10.1007/s12064-019-00286-2
Andrew S Reynolds 1
Affiliation  

Nearly 150 years ago, Ernst Haeckel published a three volume monograph on the calcareous sponges. These volumes contained the results of his extensive investigation of the anatomy, reproduction, and development of these marine invertebrate organisms. This paper discusses how Haeckel’s contribution to spongiology was so distinct from that of earlier writers on the natural history of sponges, by focusing on his “philosophy of sponges.” This included “an analytic” proof of Darwin’s theory of descent, an argument for the monophyletic origin of the Metazoa from an ancient sponge-like embryo (the “gastraea theory”), and proof of the philosophy of monism that humans are no different than lowly sponges in their perfectly natural and material origins according to the laws of ontogeny in a universe devoid of supernatural beings or purpose. Haeckel was a philosopher using the methods of natural science. He was also a gifted artist—as his illustrations attest—and like most artists he disliked criticism of his creations, including his theoretical work. His observations and speculations regarding sponges (and certainly his more philosophical conclusions drawn therefrom) were and continue to be criticized, but as a review of the current literature shows, Haeckel’s imprint on sponge biology is still very evident.

中文翻译:

恩斯特·海克尔(Ernst Haeckel)和海绵哲学。

大约150年前,恩斯特·海克尔(Ernst Haeckel)就钙质海绵出版了三册专着。这些卷包含了他对这些海洋无脊椎动物生物的解剖,繁殖和发育进行广泛研究的结果。本文通过关注海克尔的“海绵哲学”,讨论了海克尔在海绵学方面的贡献与早期作者在海绵自然史上的区别如何。这包括对达尔文的后裔理论的“分析”证据,对古代海绵状胚胎的后生动物单生起源的论证(“对流论”)以及对人类无异的一元论哲学的证明。在没有超自然生物或目的的宇宙中,根据个体发育定律,其海绵完全是天然的和天然的。海克尔是使用自然科学方法的哲学家。正如插图所证明的那样,他还是一位有天赋的艺术家,并且像大多数艺术家一样,他不喜欢批评他的作品,包括他的理论作品。他对海绵的观察和推测(当然还有从中得出的更多哲学结论)一直受到批评,但仍受到批评,但正如对现有文献的回顾所显示的那样,海克尔在海绵生物学上的烙印仍然非常明显。
更新日期:2019-03-13
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