Biological individuality was a hotly debated concept in nineteenth-century German biology, both in botany and in zoology. Much discussion centered on a comparison of higher plants with colonial organisms that are subject to polymorphism and exhibit division of labor among their parts. Building on the work of Matthias Jakob Schleiden, Johannes Müller, Rudolf Leuckart, and especially the botanist Alexander Braun, Haeckel in his writings continued to refine his theory of relative individuality. Haeckel recognized three kinds of individuality: physiological, morphological, and genealogical, the latter two hierarchically structured. These distinctions allowed him to embed in his theory of relative (biological) individuality the threefold parallelism of ontogeny, phylogeny, and classification. For Haeckel, this threefold parallelism provided the strongest proof for Darwin’s theory of descent with modification.

中文翻译：

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海克尔（Haeckel）作品中的“有机个体”的概念。

在19世纪的德国生物学中，无论是植物学还是动物学，生物学个性都是一个备受争议的概念。许多讨论都集中在比较高等植物与具有多态性并在各部分之间表现出分工的殖民地生物。Haeckel在Matthias Jakob Schleiden，JohannesMüller，Rudolf Leuckart以及尤其是植物学家Alexander Braun的工作基础上，继续完善他的相对个性理论。Haeckel识别出三种个性：生理，形态和家谱，后两种具有层次结构。这些区别使他能够将本体论，系统发育和分类的三重并行性嵌入相对（生物）个性理论中。对于海克尔