Environmental mycobacteria are emerging pathogens causing opportunistic infections in humans and animals. The health impacts of human-mycobacterial interactions are complex and likely much broader than currently recognized. Environmental mycobacteria preferentially survive chlorination in municipal water, using it as a vector to infect humans. Widespread chlorination of water has likely selected more resistant environmental mycobacteria species and potentially explains the shift from M. scrofulaceum to M. avium as a cause of cervical lymphadenitis in children. Thus, human activities have affected mycobacterial ecology. While the slow growth and hydrophobicity of environmental mycobacteria appear to be disadvantages, the unique cell wall architecture also grants high biocide and antibiotic resistance, while hydrophobicity facilitates nutrient acquisition, biofilm formation, and spread by aerosolization. The remarkable stress tolerance of environmental mycobacteria is the major reason they are human pathogens. Environmental mycobacteria invade protozoans, exhibiting parasitic and symbiotic relationships. The molecular mechanisms of mycobacterial intracellular pathogenesis in animals likely evolved from similar mechanisms facilitating survival in protozoans. In addition to outright infection, environmental mycobacteria may also play a role in chronic bowl diseases, allergies, immunity to other pulmonary infections, and the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination.

中文翻译：

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环境分枝杆菌对健康的影响。

环境分枝杆菌是正在出现的病原体，在人和动物中引起机会性感染。人与分枝杆菌相互作用对健康的影响是复杂的，并且可能比目前公认的广泛得多。使用环境分枝杆菌作为媒介感染人类后，优先在市政用水中进行氯化处理。水的广泛氯化可能选择了更具抵抗力的环境分枝杆菌种类，并有可能解释了从s猴分支杆菌到鸟分支杆菌的转变是儿童颈淋巴结炎的原因。因此，人类活动影响了分枝杆菌的生态。虽然环境分枝杆菌的缓慢生长和疏水性似乎是不利的，但独特的细胞壁结构也赋予了较高的杀生物剂和抗生素抗性，疏水性促进了养分的获取，生物膜的形成以及通过雾化作用的扩散。环境分枝杆菌的显着压力耐受性是它们是人类病原体的主要原因。环境分枝杆菌侵入原生动物，表现出寄生和共生关系。动物中分枝杆菌细胞内发病机理的分子机制可能是由促进原生动物存活的类似机制演变而来。除了直接感染外，环境分枝杆菌还可能在慢性碗疾病，过敏，对其他肺部感染的免疫力以及卡介苗-卡林芽孢杆菌疫苗的效力中起作用。环境分枝杆菌侵入原生动物，表现出寄生和共生关系。动物中分枝杆菌细胞内发病机理的分子机制可能是由促进原生动物存活的类似机制演变而来。除了直接感染外，环境分枝杆菌还可能在慢性碗疾病，过敏，对其他肺部感染的免疫以及卡介苗-卡林芽孢杆菌接种的功效中起作用。环境分枝杆菌侵入原生动物，表现出寄生和共生关系。动物中分枝杆菌细胞内发病机理的分子机制可能是由促进原生动物存活的类似机制演变而来。除了直接感染外，环境分枝杆菌还可能在慢性碗疾病，过敏，对其他肺部感染的免疫力以及卡介苗-卡林芽孢杆菌疫苗的效力中起作用。