The respiratory system consists of an integrated network of organs and structures that primarily function for gas exchange. In mammals, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transmitted through a complex respiratory tract, consisting of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and lung. Exposure to ambient air throughout the lifespan imposes vulnerability of the respiratory system to environmental challenges that can contribute toward development of disease. The importance of the respiratory system to human health is supported by statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; in 2015, chronic lower respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in the United States. In light of the significant mortality associated with respiratory conditions that afflict all ages of the human population, this review will focus on basic and preclinical research conducted in nonhuman primate models of respiratory disease. In comparison with other laboratory animals, the nonhuman primate lung most closely resembles the human lung in structure, physiology, and mucosal immune mechanisms. Studies defining the influence of inhaled microbes, pollutants, or allergens on the nonhuman primate lung have provided insight on disease pathogenesis, with the potential for elucidation of molecular targets leading to new treatment modalities. Vaccine trials in nonhuman primates have been crucial for confirmation of safety and protective efficacy against infectious diseases of the lung in a laboratory animal model that recapitulates pathology observed in humans. In looking to the future, nonhuman primate models of respiratory diseases will continue to be instrumental for translating biomedical research for improvement of human health.

中文翻译：

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呼吸道疾病的非人类灵长类动物模型：过去，现在和将来。

呼吸系统由主要用于气体交换的器官和结构的集成网络组成。在哺乳动物中，氧气和二氧化碳通过复杂的呼吸道传播，该呼吸道由鼻道，咽，喉和肺组成。在整个生命周期中暴露于环境空气会使呼吸系统易受可能导致疾病发展的环境挑战的影响。疾病控制和预防中心的统计数据支持了呼吸系统对人类健康的重要性；2015年，慢性下呼吸道疾病是美国第三大死亡原因。鉴于困扰着所有年龄段人群的呼吸系统疾病所致的重大死亡，本文将重点研究在非人类灵长类动物呼吸道疾病模型中进行的基础和临床前研究。与其他实验动物相比，非人类灵长类动物的肺在结构，生理学和粘膜免疫机制上与人类肺部最为相似。定义了吸入的微生物，污染物或过敏原对非人类灵长类动物肺的影响的研究提供了对疾病发病机理的见解，具有阐明分子靶标的潜力，从而带来了新的治疗方式。非人类灵长类动物的疫苗试验对于实验室动物模型的确认对于抵抗肺部感染性疾病的安全性和防护功效至关重要，该模型概括了人类观察到的病理学。展望未来，