Tissue regeneration is a process by which the remaining cells of an injured organ regrow to offset the missed cells. This field is relatively a new discipline that has been a focus of intense research by clinicians, surgeons, and scientists for decades. It constitutes the cornerstone of tissue engineering, creation of artificial organs, and generation and utilization of therapeutic stem cells to undergo transformation to different types of mature cells. Many medical experts, scientists, biologists, and bioengineers have dedicated their efforts to deeply comprehend the process of liver regeneration, striving for harnessing it to invent new therapies for liver failure. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rodents has been extensively studied by researchers for many years. It is divided into three important distinctive phases including (a) Initiation or priming phase which includes an overexpression of specific genes to prepare the liver cells for replication, (b) Proliferation phase in which the liver cells undergo a series of cycles of cell division and expansion and finally, (c) termination phase which acts as brake to stop the regenerative process and prevent the liver tissue overgrowth. These events are well controlled by cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways. In this review, we describe the function, embryology, and anatomy of human liver, discuss the molecular basis of liver regeneration, elucidate the hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages mediating this process, explain the role of hepatic progenitor cells and elaborate the developmental signaling pathways and regulatory molecules required to procure a complete restoration of hepatic lobule.

中文翻译：

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了解肝脏再生背后的奇迹。

组织再生是一个过程，在此过程中，受损器官的其余细胞会长出以抵消遗漏的细胞。该领域是相对较新的学科，几十年来一直是临床医生，外科医生和科学家进行深入研究的重点。它构成了组织工程，人造器官的创建以及治疗性干细胞的生成和利用的基础，这些干细胞可以转化为不同类型的成熟细胞。许多医学专家，科学家，生物学家和生物工程师都致力于深入理解肝脏再生的过程，努力利用肝脏再生来发明治疗肝衰竭的新疗法。多年来，研究人员对啮齿类动物部分肝切除术后的肝再生进行了广泛的研究。它分为三个重要的独特阶段，包括：（a）起始或启动阶段，其中包括特定基因的过表达，以使肝细胞得以复制；（b）增殖阶段，其中肝细胞经历一系列细胞分裂周期，以及扩张，最后是（c）终止阶段，该阶段起制动作用，以停止再生过程并防止肝组织过度生长。这些事件受细胞因子，生长因子和信号传导途径的良好控制。在这篇综述中，我们描述了人类肝脏的功能，胚胎学和解剖结构，讨论了肝脏再生的分子基础，阐明了介导这一过程的肝细胞和胆管细胞谱系，