Epigenetic regulations in the form of changes in differential expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an essential mechanism of stress response in plants. Previously we showed that heat treatment in Brassica rapa L. results in the differential processing and accumulation of ncRNA fragments (ncRFs) stemming from transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). In this work, we analyzed whether ncRFs are differentially expressed in the progeny of heat‐stressed plants. We found significant changes in the size of tRF reads and a significant decrease in the percentage of tRFs mapping to tRNA‐Ala, tRNA‐Arg, and tRNA‐Tyr and an increase in tRFs mapping to tRNA‐Asp. The enrichment analysis showed significant differences in processing of tRFs from tRNA^Ala(AGC), tRNA^Ala(UGC), tRNA^Arg(UGC), tRNA^Thr(UGU), tRNA^Pseudo(UCC), and tRNA^Val(CAC) isoacceptors. Analysis of potential targets of tRFs showed that they regulate brassinosteroid metabolism, the proton pump ATPase activity, the antiporter activity, the mRNA decay activity as well as nucleosome positioning and the epigenetic regulation of transgenerational response. Gene ontology term analysis of potential targets demonstrated a significant enrichment in tRFs that potentially targeted a cellular component endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and in small nucleolar RNA fragments (snoRFs), the molecular function protein binding. To summarize, our work demonstrated that the progeny of heat‐stressed Brassica rapa plants exhibit changes in the expression of tRFs and snoRFs but not of small nuclear RNA fragments (snRFs) or ribosomal RNA fragments (rRFs) and these changes likely better prepare the progeny of stressed plants to future stress encounters.

中文翻译：

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甘蓝型油菜植物中非编码RNA片段差异表达形式的对热胁迫的遗传响应。

以非编码RNA（ncRNA）差异表达形式变化的表观遗传调控是植物胁迫反应的重要机制。先前我们已经证明，在芸苔属植物中进行热处理会导致源自转移RNA（tRNA），核糖体RNA（rRNA），小核RNA（snRNA）和小核仁RNA的ncRNA片段（ncRF）的差异加工和积累。 snoRNA）。在这项工作中，我们分析了ncRFs在热胁迫植物的后代中是否差异表达。我们发现tRF读段的大小发生了显着变化，映射到tRNA‐Ala，tRNA‐Arg和tRNA‐Tyr的tRF的百分比显着降低，而映射到tRNA‐Asp的tRF则增加了。富集分析显示从tRNA处理tRF的显着差异^Ala（AGC），tRNA ^Ala（UGC），tRNA ^Arg（UGC），tRNA ^Thr（UGU），tRNA^伪（UCC）和tRNA ^{Val（CAC）同}受体。对tRFs潜在靶标的分析表明，它们可调节油菜素类固醇的代谢，质子泵的ATPase活性，反转运蛋白活性，mRNA衰变活性以及核小体的定位和后代反应的表观遗传调控。潜在目标的基因本体项分析表明，tRF显着富集，tRF潜在地靶向细胞成分内质网（ER），而小核仁RNA片段（snoRFs）具有分子功能蛋白结合。总而言之，我们的工作证明了热应激的后代甘蓝型油菜植物的tRF和snoRFs表达有所变化，但小核RNA片段（snRFs）或核糖体RNA片段（rRFs）却没有变化，这些变化可能会更好地使承受压力的植物后代适应未来的胁迫。