Tubers are important crops as well as staple foods in human nutrition. Among tubers, the potato in particular has been investigated for its health effects. However, except for its contribution to energy and effects related to resistant starch, the role of potatoes and other tubers in human health is still debated. In order to establish firm evidence for the health effects of dietary tubers and processed tuber products, it is essential to assess total intake accurately. The dietary assessment in most studies relies mainly on self-reporting and may give imprecise quantitative information on dietary intakes. Biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) are useful objective means to assess intake of specific foods or may be used as an additional measure to calibrate the measurement error in dietary reports. Here, intake biomarkers for common tubers, including potatoes and heated potato products, sweet potato, cassava, yam, and Jerusalem artichoke, are reviewed according to the biomarker of food intake reviews (BFIRev) standardized protocols for review and validation. Candidate BFIs for heated potato product include α-chaconine, α-solanine, and solanidine; less evidence is available to indicate peonidin 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside and cyanidin 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside as putative biomarkers having high potential specificity for purple sweet potato intake; linamarin may in addition be considered as a putative BFI for cassava. Other tubers also contain toxic glycosides or common contaminants as characteristic components but their putative use as intake biomarkers is not well documented. Alkyl pyrazines, acrylamide, and acrolein are formed during cooking of heated potato products while these have not yet been investigated for other tubers; these markers may not be specific only to heated potato but measurements of these compounds in blood or urine may be combined with more specific markers of the heated products, e.g., with glycoalkaloids to assess heated potato products consumption. Further studies are needed to assess the specificity, robustness, reliability, and analytical performance for the candidate tuber intake biomarkers identified in this review.

中文翻译：

---

块茎摄入量的生物标志物。

块茎是重要的农作物，也是人类营养的主食。在块茎中，特别是马铃薯的健康影响已得到研究。然而，除了其对能量的贡献和与抗性淀粉相关的作用外，马铃薯和其他块茎对人类健康的作用仍然存在争议。为了建立膳食块茎和加工块茎产品对健康影响的确凿证据，必须准确评估总摄入量。大多数研究中的饮食评估主要依赖于自我报告，并且可能提供不精确的饮食摄入定量信息。食物摄入生物标志物（BFI）是评估特定食物摄入量的有用客观手段，或者可以用作校准饮食报告中测量误差的附加措施。在此，根据食物摄入生物标志物审查 (BFIRev) 标准化方案审查常见块茎的摄入生物标志物，包括土豆和加热马铃薯产品、甘薯、木薯、山药和菊芋，以进行审查和验证。加热马铃薯产品的候选 BFI 包括 α-查茄碱、α-茄碱和茄碱；较少的证据表明芍药苷 3-咖啡酰槐糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷和花青素 3-咖啡酰槐糖苷-5-葡萄糖苷作为紫甘薯摄入量具有高度潜在特异性的推定生物标志物；此外，亚麻苦苷还可被视为木薯的推定 BFI。其他块茎也含有有毒糖苷或常见污染物作为特征成分，但它们作为摄入生物标志物的推定用途尚未得到充分记录。烷基吡嗪、丙烯酰胺和丙烯醛是在加热马铃薯产品的烹饪过程中形成的，而这些物质尚未在其他块茎中进行过研究；这些标记物可能不仅仅针对加热的马铃薯，但血液或尿液中这些化合物的测量可以与加热产品的更具体的标记物相结合，例如与配糖生物碱相结合，以评估加热的马铃薯产品的消耗。需要进一步的研究来评估本综述中确定的候选块茎摄入生物标志物的特异性、稳健性、可靠性和分析性能。