Efforts to detect loci under selection in plants have mostly focussed on single species. However, assuming that intraspecific divergence may lead to speciation, comparisons of genetic variation within and among recently diverged taxa can help to locate such genes. In this study, coalescent and outlier detection methods were used to assess nucleotide polymorphism and divergence at 79 nuclear gene fragments (1212 SNPs) in 16 populations (153 individuals) of the closely related, but phenotypically and ecologically distinct, pine taxa Pinus mugo, P. uliginosa and P. uncinata across their European distributions. Simultaneously, mitochondrial DNA markers, which are maternally inherited in pines and distributed by seeds at short geographic distance, were used to assess genetic relationships of the focal populations and taxa. The majority of nuclear loci showed homogenous patterns of variation between the taxa due to a high number of shared SNPs and haplotypes, similar levels of polymorphism, and low net divergence. However, against this common genetic background and an overall low population structure within taxa at mitochondrial markers, we identified several genes showing signatures of selection, accompanied by significant intra- and interspecific divergence. Our results indicate that loci involved in species divergence may be involved in intraspecific local adaptation.

中文翻译：

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紧密相关的松树类群中发散和选择的分子标记。

检测植物中选择的基因座的努力主要集中在单个物种上。但是，假设种内差异可能导致物种分化，比较最近分化的类群内和之间的遗传变异可以帮助定位此类基因。在这项研究中，采用聚结和离群值检测方法评估了16个种群（153个个体）的紧密相关但在表型和生态上不同的松果类群Pinus mugo，P的79个核基因片段（1212 SNP）的核苷酸多态性和差异。 。uliginosa和P. uncinata在欧洲的分布情况。同时，线粒体DNA标记物是母本遗传于松树中，并由种子在短地理距离内分布，用于评估重点种群和分类群的遗传关系。由于共享的SNP和单倍型的数量众多，多态性水平相似以及净散度低，大多数核基因座在类群之间显示出均一的变异模式。但是，在这种常见的遗传背景下，线粒体标记的分类单元内总体种群结构较低，我们鉴定了几个显示选择签名的基因，并伴随着明显的种间和种间差异。我们的结果表明参与物种差异的基因座可能参与种内局部适应。我们鉴定了几个显示选择特征的基因，并伴随着明显的种内和种间差异。我们的结果表明参与物种差异的基因座可能参与种内局部适应。我们鉴定了几个显示选择特征的基因，并伴随着明显的种内和种间差异。我们的结果表明参与物种差异的基因座可能参与种内局部适应。