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Autophagy is Required to Regulate Mitochondria Renewal, Cell Attachment, and All-trans-Retinoic Acid-Induced Differentiation in NB4 Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells.
Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-02-27 , DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2018027885
Ibrahim Tekedereli 1 , Ugur Akar 2 , S Neslihan Alpay 3 , Gabriel Lopez-Berestein 1 , Bulent Ozpolat 1
Affiliation  

All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is a potent inducer of cellular differentiation, growth arrest, and apoptosis as well as a front-line therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The present study provides evidence that induction of autophagy is required for ATRA to induce differentiation of APL (NB4) cells into granulocytes. ATRA treatment causes ~12-fold increase in the number of acidic vesicular organelles and induces marked up-regulation of LC3-II, autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), and Beclin-1. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed a decrease in mitochondria and ATRA-induced differentiation. To determine the role of autophagy in the differentiation of APL, we knocked down ATG5 in NB4 cells to find that ATRA-induced differentiation is significantly inhibited during ATG5 knock down in cells, indicating the role of autophagy in differentiation of APL. Further experiments revealed restriction of autophagy during ATRA-induced differentiation and inhibition of tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and phospho-focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK), which are known to have roles in differentiation and cell attachment. We examined expression of Beclin-1 and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and levels of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) after ATRA treatment. ATRA inhibits Bcl-2, up-regulates Beclin-1 expression, and reduces induction of mTOR activation/phosphorylation in NB4 cells. Our results reveal that autophagy has roles in regulation of differentiation, mitochondria elimination, and cell attachment during ATRA-induced APL differentiation.

中文翻译:

自噬是调节NB4急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞中线粒体更新,细胞附着和全反式维甲酸诱导的分化所必需的。

全反式维甲酸(ATRA)是细胞分化,生长停滞和凋亡的有效诱导剂,也是急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)的一线治疗方法。本研究提供证据,自噬是诱导ATRA诱导APL(NB4)细胞分化成粒细胞所必需的。ATRA治疗导致酸性囊泡细胞器数量增加约12倍,并诱导LC3-II,自噬相关5(ATG5)和Beclin-1明显上调。透射电子显微镜(TEM)显示线粒体减少和ATRA诱导的分化。为了确定自噬在APL分化中的作用,我们敲低了NB4细胞中的ATG5,发现在ATG5敲低细胞的过程中,ATRA诱导的分化被显着抑制,表明自噬在APL分化中的作用。进一步的实验表明,在ATRA诱导的分化过程中自噬受到限制,并抑制了组织转谷氨酰胺酶2(TG2)和磷酸聚焦黏着激酶(p-FAK),这在分化和细胞附着中具有重要作用。我们检查了Beclin-1和B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)的表达以及雷帕霉素(mTOR)的机械靶标水平。ATRA抑制Bcl-2,上调Beclin-1表达,并减少NB4细胞中mTOR激活/磷酸化的诱导。我们的结果表明自噬在ATRA诱导的APL分化过程中对分化,线粒体消除和细胞附着的调节中具有作用。进一步的实验表明,在ATRA诱导的分化过程中自噬受到限制,并抑制了组织转谷氨酰胺酶2(TG2)和磷酸聚焦黏着激酶(p-FAK),这在分化和细胞附着中具有重要作用。我们检查了Beclin-1和B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)的表达以及雷帕霉素(mTOR)的机械靶标水平。ATRA抑制Bcl-2,上调Beclin-1表达,并减少NB4细胞中mTOR激活/磷酸化的诱导。我们的结果表明自噬在ATRA诱导的APL分化过程中对分化,线粒体消除和细胞附着的调节中具有作用。进一步的实验表明,在ATRA诱导的分化过程中自噬受到限制,并抑制了组织转谷氨酰胺酶2(TG2)和磷酸聚焦黏着激酶(p-FAK),这在分化和细胞附着中具有重要作用。我们检查了Beclin-1和B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)的表达以及雷帕霉素(mTOR)的机械靶标水平。ATRA抑制Bcl-2,上调Beclin-1表达,并减少NB4细胞中mTOR激活/磷酸化的诱导。我们的结果表明自噬在ATRA诱导的APL分化过程中对分化,线粒体消除和细胞附着的调节中具有作用。我们检查了Beclin-1和B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)的表达以及雷帕霉素(mTOR)的机械靶标水平。ATRA抑制Bcl-2,上调Beclin-1表达,并减少NB4细胞中mTOR激活/磷酸化的诱导。我们的结果表明自噬在ATRA诱导的APL分化过程中对分化,线粒体消除和细胞附着的调节中具有作用。我们检查了Beclin-1和B细胞淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)的表达以及雷帕霉素(mTOR)的机械靶标水平。ATRA抑制Bcl-2,上调Beclin-1表达,并减少NB4细胞中mTOR激活/磷酸化的诱导。我们的结果表明自噬在ATRA诱导的APL分化过程中对分化,线粒体消除和细胞附着的调节中具有作用。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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