Vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) play an important role in regulating and shaping an immune response. Deficiencies generally result in inadequate or dysregulated cellular activity and cytokine expression, thereby affecting the immune response. Decreased levels of natural killer, granulocyte, and phagocytic cell activity and T and B cell proliferation and trafficking are associated with inadequate levels of micronutrients, as well as increased susceptibility to various adverse health conditions, including inflammatory disorders, infection, and altered vaccine efficacy. In addition, most studies of micronutrient modulation of immune responses have been done in rodents and humans, thus limiting application to the health and well-being of livestock and companion animals. This exploratory review elucidates the role of vitamins and minerals on immune function and inflammatory responses in animals (pigs, dogs, cats, horses, goats, sheep, and cattle), with reference to rodents and humans.

中文翻译：

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微量营养素对动物免疫反应的影响。

维生素和矿物质（微量营养素）在调节和形成免疫反应中起重要作用。缺陷通常导致细胞活性和细胞因子表达不足或失调，从而影响免疫反应。自然杀手，粒细胞和吞噬细胞活性以及T和B细胞增殖和运输水平的降低与微量营养素水平不足有关，并且对各种不良健康状况（包括炎性疾病，感染和疫苗效力改变）的敏感性增加。另外，大多数微营养素调节免疫反应的研究都是在啮齿动物和人类中进行的，因此限制了其在牲畜和伴侣动物的健康和福祉中的应用。