Both clinical literature and biographical accounts suggest that many transgender individuals experience shame or have experienced shame at some point in their life for reasons related to their gender identity. In clinical psychology, at least until the 1960s, shame has not received much attention; focus was on guilt and shame was regarded mainly as a ‘by-product’ of guilt. From the 1960s shame has been identified as an emotion not necessarily related to guilt and with unique features, and has been studied in connection with a number of situations, such as domestic abuse, trauma, illness, and sexual orientation. However shame has been studied less in connection with gender variance. Shame has however intrigued philosophers, writers and artists for a very long time. Yet, the importance of the contribution of various disciplines to the understanding of the experience of shame in vulnerable individuals has been overlooked. This paper attempts to explore the meaning of shame for transgender individuals, by making reference not only to clinical studies, but also to artworks and literary novels. Franz Kafka, named “the poet of shame” is particularly salient to the analysis of shame, and some of his works will enable us to shed light on the complexities of the experience of shame in transgender individuals which may defy clinical observation.

中文翻译：

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了解跨性别者的羞耻情绪–来自卡夫卡的一些见解

临床文献和传记资料都表明，许多变性者由于其性别认同的原因而感到羞耻或在生活中的某个时刻经历过羞耻。在临床心理学中，至少直到1960年代，羞耻感并没有受到太大关注。重点放在罪恶感上，羞耻主要被视为罪恶感的“副产品”。从1960年代开始，羞耻已被识别为不一定与罪恶感相关且具有独特特征的一种情感，并且已针对诸如家庭虐待，创伤，疾病和性取向等多种情况进行了研究。然而，关于性别差异的羞耻感研究较少。然而，羞耻已经使哲学家，作家和艺术家很感兴趣了。然而，人们忽视了各种学科对理解弱势群体的耻辱经历的重要性。本文试图通过不仅参考临床研究，而且还参考艺术品和文学小说来探索跨性别个体羞耻的含义。弗朗兹·卡夫卡（Franz Kafka）被誉为“羞耻的诗人”，对羞耻感的分析尤为重要，他的一些作品将使我们能够了解跨性别个体中羞耻感经历的复杂性，这可能会违背临床观察。