Although less studied than their closed-shell counterparts, materials containing stable open-shell chemistries have played a key role in many energy storage and energy conversion devices. In particular, the oxidation-reduction (redox) properties of these stable radicals have made them a substantial contributor to the progress of organic batteries. Moreover, the use of radical-based materials in photovoltaic devices and thermoelectric systems has allowed for these emerging molecules to have impacts in the energy conversion realm. Additionally, the unique doublet states of radical-based materials provide access to otherwise inaccessible spin states in optoelectronic devices, offering many new opportunities for efficient usage of energy in light-emitting devices. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the molecular design, synthesis, and application of stable radicals in these energy-related applications. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied arenas of future promise for these designer open-shell molecules, which have only just begun to be evaluated in full.

中文翻译：

---

用于能源应用的稳定的自由基材料。

尽管比封闭壳同类产品研究较少，但包含稳定开壳化学性质的材料在许多储能和能量转换设备中起着关键作用。尤其是，这些稳定基团的氧化还原（redox）特性使其成为有机电池发展的重要推动力。此外，在光伏器件和热电系统中使用基于自由基的材料已经使这些新兴分子对能量转换领域产生了影响。另外，基于自由基的材料的独特双峰态提供了进入光电器件中否则无法接近的自旋态的途径，从而为发光器件中能量的有效利用提供了许多新机会。在这里，我们回顾一下有关分子设计，合成，稳定自由基在这些与能源相关的应用中的应用。最后，我们指出了这些刚设计好的开壳分子在未来的基础和应用领域，这些分子才刚刚开始进行全面评估。