Seeds are one of the most important food sources, providing humans and animals with essential nutrients. These nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates are one of the main energy sources for both plant and animal cells and play a fundamental role in seed development, human nutrition and the food industry. Many studies have focused on the molecular pathways that control carbohydrate flow during seed development in monocot and dicot species. For this reason, an overview of seed biodiversity focused on the multiple metabolic and physiological mechanisms that govern seed carbohydrate storage function in the plant kingdom is required. A large number of mutants affecting carbohydrate metabolism, which display defective seed development, are currently available for many plant species. The physiological, biochemical and biomolecular study of such mutants has led researchers to understand better how metabolism of carbohydrates works in plants and the critical role that these carbohydrates, and especially starch, play during seed development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the newest findings related to carbohydrate metabolism’s effects on seed development, pointing out key regulatory genes and enzymes that influence seed sugar import and metabolism. Our review also aims to provide guidelines for future research in the field and in this way to assist seed quality optimization by targeted genetic engineering and classical breeding programs.

中文翻译：

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碳水化合物储备和种子发育：概述。

种子是最重要的食物来源之一，可为人类和动物提供必需的营养。这些营养素包括碳水化合物，脂质，蛋白质，维生素和矿物质。碳水化合物是动植物细胞的主要能源之一，在种子发育，人类营养和食品工业中起着重要作用。许多研究集中于在单子叶植物和双子叶植物物种的种子发育过程中控制碳水化合物流动的分子途径。由于这个原因，需要对种子生物多样性进行概述，其重点是控制植物王国中种子碳水化合物存储功能的多种代谢和生理机制。当前可用于许多植物种类的许多影响碳水化合物代谢的突变体显示出不良的种子发育。生理上的 对此类突变体的生物化学和生物分子研究使研究人员更好地了解了碳水化合物在植物中的代谢方式，以及这些碳水化合物（尤其是淀粉）在种子发育过程中的关键作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结并分析了与碳水化合物代谢对种子发育的影响有关的最新发现，指出了影响种子糖导入和代谢的关键调控基因和酶。我们的综述还旨在为该领域的未来研究提供指导，并通过有针对性的基因工程和经典育种计划来帮助优化种子质量。特别是淀粉，在种子发育过程中发挥作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结并分析了与碳水化合物代谢对种子发育的影响有关的最新发现，指出了影响种子糖导入和代谢的关键调控基因和酶。我们的综述还旨在为该领域的未来研究提供指导，并通过有针对性的基因工程和经典育种计划来帮助优化种子质量。特别是淀粉，在种子发育过程中发挥作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结并分析了与碳水化合物代谢对种子发育的影响有关的最新发现，指出了影响种子糖导入和代谢的关键调控基因和酶。我们的综述还旨在为该领域的未来研究提供指导，并通过有针对性的基因工程和经典育种计划来帮助优化种子质量。