Phytoplasma research begins to bloom (75). Indeed, this review shows that substantial progress has been made with the identification of phytoplasma effectors that alter flower development, induce witches' broom, affect leaf shape, and modify plant-insect interactions. Phytoplasmas have a unique life cycle among pathogens, as they invade organisms of two distinct kingdoms, namely plants (Plantae) and insects (Animalia), and replicate intracellularly in both. Phytoplasmas release effectors into host cells of plants and insects to target host molecules, and in plants these effectors unload from the phloem to access distal tissues and alter basic developmental processes. The effectors provide phytoplasmas with a fitness advantage by modulating their plant and insect hosts. We expect that further research on the functional characterization of phytoplasma effectors will generate new knowledge that is relevant to fundamental aspects of plant sciences and entomology, and for agriculture by improving yields of crops affected by phytoplasma diseases.

中文翻译：

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植原体效应物的不同目标：从植物发育到昆虫防御。

植原体研究开始蓬勃发展 (75)。事实上，这篇综述表明，在鉴定改变花朵发育、诱导女巫扫帚、影响叶子形状和改变植物-昆虫相互作用的植原体效应物方面已经取得了实质性进展。植原体在病原体中具有独特的生命周期，因为它们侵入两个不同界的生物体，即植物（植物）和昆虫（动物），并在两者中进行细胞内复制。植原体将效应子释放到植物和昆虫的宿主细胞中以靶向宿主分子，在植物中，这些效应子从韧皮部卸载以进入远端组织并改变基本的发育过程。效应器通过调节植物和昆虫宿主为植原体提供适应性优势。