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Opsin expression patterns coincide with photoreceptor development during pupal development in the honey bee, Apis mellifera.
BMC Developmental Biology ( IF 1.978 ) Pub Date : 2018-02-01 , DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0162-8
Leonie Lichtenstein 1 , Kornelia Grübel 1 , Johannes Spaethe 1
Affiliation  

BACKGROUND The compound eyes of insects allow them to catch photons and convert the energy into electric signals. All compound eyes consist of numerous ommatidia, each comprising a fixed number of photoreceptors. Different ommatidial types are characterized by a specific set of photoreceptors differing in spectral sensitivity. In honey bees, males and females possess different ommatidial types forming distinct retinal mosaics. However, data are lacking on retinal ontogeny and the mechanisms by which the eyes are patterned. In this study, we investigated the intrinsic temporal and circadian expression patterns of the opsins that give rise to the ultraviolet, blue and green sensitive photoreceptors, as well as the morphological maturation of the retina during pupal development of honey bees. RESULTS qPCR and histological labeling revealed that temporal opsin mRNA expression differs between sexes and correlates with rhabdom elongation during photoreceptor development. In the first half of the pupal stage, when the rhabdoms of the photoreceptors are still short, worker and (dorsal) drone retinae exhibit similar expression patterns with relatively high levels of UV (UVop) and only marginal levels of blue (BLop) and green (Lop1) opsin mRNA. In the second half of pupation, when photoreceptors and rhabdoms elongate, opsin expression in workers becomes dominated by Lop1 mRNA. In contrast, the dorsal drone eye shows high expression levels of UVop and BLop mRNA, whereas Lop1 mRNA level decreases. Interestingly, opsin expression levels increase up to 22-fold during early adult life. We also found evidence that opsin expression in adult bees is under the control of the endogenous clock. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the formation of the sex-specific retinal composition of photoreceptors takes place during the second half of the pupal development, and that opsin mRNA expression levels continue to increase in young bees, which stands in contrast to Drosophila, where the highest expression levels are found during the late pupal stage and remain constant in adults. From an evolutionary perspective, we hypothesize that the delayed retinal maturation during the early adult phase is linked to the delayed transition from indoor to outdoor activities in bees, when vision becomes important.

中文翻译:

在蜜蜂Apis mellifera的p发育过程中,视蛋白表达模式与感光细胞发育相吻合。

背景技术昆虫的复眼使它们能够捕获光子并将能量转换为电信号。所有的复眼均由大量眼炎组成,每眼均包含固定数量的感光体。不同的ommatidial类型的特征是一组特定的感光器,其光谱灵敏度不同。在蜜蜂中,雄性和雌性具有不同的ommatidial类型,形成独特的视网膜镶嵌。然而,缺乏关于视网膜个体发育以及眼睛被构图的机制的数据。在这项研究中,我们调查了视蛋白的内在时间和昼夜节律表达模式,这些模式引起了紫外线,蓝色和绿色敏感的感光体,以及蜜蜂p发育过程中视网膜的形态成熟。结果qPCR和组织学标记显示,在视神经发育过程中,性别的颞视蛋白mRNA表达不同,并且与横纹肌伸长相关。在the期的前半部分,当感光器的横纹仍很短时,工人和(背)无人机视网膜表现出相似的表达模式,其中紫外线(UVop)相对较高,而蓝色(BLop)和绿色仅少量(Lop1)视蛋白mRNA 在化脓的后半段,当感光细胞和横纹肌伸长时,工人中的视蛋白表达受Lop1 mRNA支配。相反,无人驾驶飞机的眼睛显示出高水平的UVop和BLop mRNA表达,而Lop1 mRNA水平则下降。有趣的是,在成年早期,视蛋白表达水平增加了22倍。我们还发现,成年蜜蜂视蛋白表达受内源性时钟控制的证据。结论我们的数据表明,感光细胞的性别特异性视网膜组成的形成发生在小development发育的后半期,并且视蜂mRNA的表达水平在幼蜂中持续增加,这与果蝇中最高的果蝇相反。表达水平在p期后期发现,并在成年人中保持恒定。从进化的角度来看,我们假设成年早期的视网膜成熟延迟与蜜蜂从室内活动到室外活动的延迟过渡有关,这时视力变得重要。结论我们的数据表明,感光细胞的性别特异性视网膜组成的形成发生在小development发育的后半期,并且视蜂mRNA的表达水平在幼蜂中持续增加,这与果蝇中最高的果蝇相反。表达水平在p期后期发现,并在成年人中保持恒定。从进化的角度来看,我们假设成年早期的视网膜成熟延迟与蜜蜂从室内活动到室外活动的延迟过渡有关,这时视力变得重要。结论我们的数据表明,感光细胞的性别特异性视网膜组成的形成发生在小development发育的后半期,并且视蜂mRNA的表达水平在幼蜂中持续增加,这与果蝇中最高的果蝇相反。表达水平在p期后期发现,并在成年人中保持恒定。从进化的角度来看,我们假设成年早期的视网膜成熟延迟与蜜蜂从室内活动到室外活动的延迟过渡有关,这时视力变得重要。在p后期发现最高的表达水平,并且在成年人中保持恒定。从进化的角度来看,我们假设成年早期的视网膜成熟延迟与蜜蜂从室内活动到室外活动的延迟过渡有关,这时视力变得重要。在p后期发现最高的表达水平,并且在成年人中保持恒定。从进化的角度来看,我们假设成年早期的视网膜成熟延迟与蜜蜂从室内活动到室外活动的延迟过渡有关,这时视力变得重要。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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