The effect of simulated climate changes by applying different temperatures and CO₂ levels was investigated in the Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici/wheat pathosystem. Healthy and inoculated plants were exposed in single phytotrons to six CO₂+temperature combinations: (1) 450 ppm CO₂/18-22°C (ambient CO₂ and low temperature), (2) 850 ppm CO₂/18-22°C (elevated CO₂ and low temperature), (3) 450 ppm CO₂/22-26°C (ambient CO₂ and medium temperature), (4) 850 ppm CO₂/22-26°C (elevated CO₂ and medium temperature), (5) 450 ppm CO₂/26-30°C (ambient CO₂ and high temperature), and (6) 850 ppm CO₂/26-30°C (elevated CO₂ and high temperature). Powdery mildew disease index, fungal DNA quantity, plant death incidence, plant expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, plant growth parameters, carbohydrate and chlorophyll content were evaluated. Both CO₂ and temperature, and their interaction significantly influenced powdery mildew development. The most advantageous conditions for the progress of powdery mildew on wheat were low temperature and ambient CO₂. High temperatures inhibited pathogen growth independent of CO₂ conditions, and no typical powdery mildew symptoms were observed. Elevated CO₂ did not stimulate powdery mildew development, but was detrimental for plant vitality. Similar abundance of three PR transcripts was found, and the level of their expression was different between six phytotron conditions. Real time PCR quantification of Bgt was in line with the disease index results, but this technique succeeded to detect the pathogen also in asymptomatic plants. Overall, future global warming scenarios may limit the development of powdery mildew on wheat in Mediterranean area, unless the pathogen will adapt to higher temperatures.

中文翻译：

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二氧化碳和温度对小麦白粉病发展的综合影响。

在Blumeria graminis f中研究了应用不同温度和 CO ₂水平模拟气候变化的影响。sp。小麦/小麦病理系统。将健康且接种的植物暴露在单个植物加速器中于六种CO ₂ +温度组合中：(1) 450 ppm CO ₂ /18-22°C（环境CO ₂和低温），(2) 850 ppm CO ₂ /18-22 °C（CO ₂升高和低温），(3) 450 ppm CO ₂ /22-26°C（环境 CO ₂和介质温度），(4) 850 ppm CO ₂ /22-26°C（CO ₂升高） (5) 450 ppm CO ₂ /26-30°C（环境 CO ₂和高温），以及 (6) 850 ppm CO ₂ /26-30°C（升高的 CO ₂和高温）。评估白粉病指数、真菌DNA数量、植物死亡发生率、植物发病相关（PR ）基因的表达、植物生长参数、碳水化合物和叶绿素含量。CO ₂和温度及其相互作用显着影响白粉病的发展。_{低温和环境CO 2}是小麦白粉病发生的最有利条件。高温抑制病原体生长，与CO ₂条件无关，并且没有观察到典型的白粉病症状。CO ₂升高不会刺激白粉病的生长，但对植物活力不利。发现了三种PR转录本的丰度相似，并且它们的表达水平在六种植物加速器条件下有所不同。Bgt的实时 PCR 定量结果与疾病指数结果一致，但该技术也成功地在无症状植物中检测到病原体。总体而言，未来的全球变暖情景可能会限制地中海地区小麦白粉病的发展，除非病原体能够适应更高的温度。