This work reports on qualitative and semi-quantitative elemental analysis of particulate matter (PM) collected on PTFE membrane filters, for a source apportionment study conducted in Brescia (Italy). Sampling was undertaken in a residential area where an increase in Mn emissions has been highlighted by previous studies. Filters are measured by means of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) based techniques such as micro-XRF and grazing incidence XRF using synchrotron radiation, Mo or W excitation sources, after applying an automatized sample preparation method. A heterogeneous distribution in PM shape, size and composition was observed, with features typical of anthropogenic sources. XRF measurements performed at various incidence angle, on large areas and different experimental setup were reproducible. The results demonstrate a successful comparison of the various XRF instrumentation, and the decrease in Mn content with the distance away from the identified emission source. This work highlights the potentialities of the presented approach to provide a full quantitative analysis, and ascertain its suitability for providing a direct, fast, simple and sensitive elemental analysis of filters in source apportionment studies and screening purposes.

中文翻译：

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多种 X 射线荧光技术对空气过滤器收集的颗粒物进行元素分析的比较

这项工作报告了在 PTFE 膜过滤器上收集的颗粒物 (PM) 的定性和半定量元素分析，用于在布雷西亚（意大利）进行的源解析研究。采样是在住宅区进行的，之前的研究已经强调了锰排放量的增加。在应用自动化样品制备方法后，通过基于 X 射线荧光 (XRF) 的技术（例如使用同步加速器辐射、Mo 或 W 激发源的微 XRF 和掠入射 XRF）来测量滤光片。观察到颗粒物形状、大小和成分的异质分布，具有人为来源的典型特征。在不同的入射角、大面积和不同的实验设置下进行的 XRF 测量是可重复的。结果表明，对各种 XRF 仪器进行了成功的比较，并且 Mn 含量随着远离已识别的发射源的距离而减少。这项工作强调了所提出的方法提供全面定量分析的潜力，并确定其在源解析研究和筛选目的中为过滤器提供直接、快速、简单和灵敏的元素分析的适用性。