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Effectors of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Commonalities amid Diversity.
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews ( IF 12.9 ) Pub Date : 2017-03-31 , DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00066-16
Marina Franceschetti 1 , Abbas Maqbool 1 , Maximiliano J Jiménez-Dalmaroni 1 , Helen G Pennington 2 , Sophien Kamoun 3 , Mark J Banfield 4
Affiliation  

Fungi and oomycetes are filamentous microorganisms that include a diversity of highly developed pathogens of plants. These are sophisticated modulators of plant processes that secrete an arsenal of effector proteins to target multiple host cell compartments and enable parasitic infection. Genome sequencing revealed complex catalogues of effectors of filamentous pathogens, with some species harboring hundreds of effector genes. Although a large fraction of these effector genes encode secreted proteins with weak or no sequence similarity to known proteins, structural studies have revealed unexpected similarities amid the diversity. This article reviews progress in our understanding of effector structure and function in light of these new insights. We conclude that there is emerging evidence for multiple pathways of evolution of effectors of filamentous plant pathogens but that some families have probably expanded from a common ancestor by duplication and diversification. Conserved folds, such as the oomycete WY and the fungal MAX domains, are not predictive of the precise function of the effectors but serve as a chassis to support protein structural integrity while providing enough plasticity for the effectors to bind different host proteins and evolve unrelated activities inside host cells. Further effector evolution and diversification arise via short linear motifs, domain integration and duplications, and oligomerization.

中文翻译:

丝状植物病原体的效应子:多样性中的共性。

真菌和卵菌是丝状微生物,包括多种高度发达的植物病原体。这些是植物过程的复杂调节剂,可分泌大量效应蛋白来靶向多个宿主细胞区室并实现寄生虫感染。基因组测序揭示了丝状病原体效应子的复杂目录,有些物种具有数百种效应子基因。尽管这些效应基因中的很大一部分编码的分泌蛋白与已知蛋白的序列相似性弱或没有序列相似性,但结构研究显示在多样性中存在意想不到的相似性。本文根据这些新见解回顾了我们对效应子结构和功能的理解的进展。我们得出的结论是,有新的证据表明丝状植物病原体效应子进化的多种途径,但有些家庭可能已经通过复制和多样化从共同祖先中扩展出来。保守的折叠(例如卵菌体WY和真菌MAX结构域)不能预测效应子的精确功能,但可以作为支持蛋白质结构完整性的底盘,同时为效应子提供足够的可塑性以结合不同的宿主蛋白质并发展无关的活动宿主细胞内部。通过短的线性基序,结构域整合和复制以及寡聚化,可以进一步促进效应子的进化和多样化。例如卵菌体的WY和真菌的MAX结构域不能预测效应子的精确功能,但可以作为支持蛋白质结构完整性的底盘,同时为效应子提供足够的可塑性以结合不同的宿主蛋白并在宿主细胞内发展无关的活动。通过短的线性基序,结构域整合和复制以及寡聚化,可以进一步促进效应子的进化和多样化。例如卵菌体的WY和真菌的MAX结构域不能预测效应子的精确功能,但可以作为支持蛋白质结构完整性的底盘,同时为效应子提供足够的可塑性以结合不同的宿主蛋白并在宿主细胞内发展无关的活动。通过短的线性基序,结构域整合和复制以及寡聚化,可以进一步促进效应子的进化和多样化。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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