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Mutations, evolution and the central role of a self-defined fitness function in the initiation and progression of cancer.
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer ( IF 11.2 ) Pub Date : 2017-03-28 , DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.03.005
Robert A Gatenby 1 , Joel Brown 1
Affiliation  

The origin and progression of cancer is widely viewed as "somatic evolution" driven by the accumulation of random genetic changes. This theoretical model, however, neglects fundamental conditions for evolution by natural selection, which include competition for survival and a local environmental context. Recent observations that the mutational burden in different cancers can vary by 2 orders of magnitude and that multiple mutations, some of which are "oncogenic," are observed in normal tissue suggests these neglected Darwinian dynamics may play a critical role in modifying the evolutionary consequences of molecular events. Here we discuss evolutionary principles in normal tissue focusing on the dynamical tension between different evolutionary levels of selection. Normal somatic cells within metazoans do not ordinarily evolve because their survival and proliferation are governed by tissue signals and internal controls (e.g. telomere shortening) that maintain homeostatic function. The fitness of each cell is, thus, identical to the whole organism, which is the evolutionary level of selection. For a cell to evolve, it must acquire a self-defined fitness function so that its survival and proliferation is determined entirely by its own heritable phenotypic properties. Cells can develop independence from normal tissue control through randomly accumulating mutations that disrupt its ability to recognize or respond to all host signals. A self-defined fitness function can also be gained non-genetically when tissue control signals are lost due to injury, inflammation, or infection. Accumulating mutations in cells without a self-defined fitness function will produce no evolution - consistent with reports showing mutations, including some that would ordinarily be oncogenic, are present in cells from normal tissue. Furthermore, once evolution begins, Darwinian forces will promote mutations that increase fitness and eliminate those that do not. Thus, cancer cells will typically have a mutational burden similar to adjacent normal cells and many (perhaps most) mutations observed in cancer cells occurred prior to somatic evolution and may not contribute to the cell's malignant phenotype. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Evolutionary principles - heterogeneity in cancer?, edited by Dr. Robert A. Gatenby.

中文翻译:

自我定义的健身功能在癌症的发生和发展中的突变,进化和核心作用。

癌症的起源和进展被广泛认为是由随机遗传变化的积累驱动的“体细胞进化”。但是,该理论模型忽略了自然选择进化的基本条件,包括生存竞争和当地环境。最近的观察表明,在正常组织中观察到不同癌症中的突变负担可能相差2个数量级,并且多个突变(其中一些是“致癌的”)被观察到,这表明这些被忽视的达尔文动力学可能在改变肿瘤的进化结果中起关键作用。分子事件。在这里,我们讨论正常组织中的进化原理,重点是选择的不同进化水平之间的动态张力。通常,后生动物体内的正常体细胞不会进化,因为它们的存活和增殖受维持稳态功能的组织信号和内部控制(例如端粒缩短)控制。因此,每个细胞的适应性都与整个生物体相同,这是选择的进化水平。为了使细胞进化,它必须具有自定义的适应性功能,以便其生存和增殖完全取决于其自身的遗传表型特性。细胞可以通过随机积累突变来破坏其识别或响应所有宿主信号的能力,从而摆脱正常组织控制。当由于受伤,发炎或感染而失去组织控制信号时,非遗传获得自定义的适应功能。没有自定义适应性功能的细胞中积累的突变不会产生进化-与报告显示正常组织细胞中存在突变(包括通常会致癌的一些突变)一致。此外,一旦进化开始,达尔文的力量将促进突变,从而增加适应度,并消除那些不适合的变异。因此,癌细胞通常具有类似于邻近正常细胞的突变负担,并且在癌细胞中观察到的许多(也许是大多数)突变发生在体细胞进化之前,并且可能不会导致细胞的恶性表型。本文是由Robert A. Gatenby博士编辑的题为:进化原理-癌症的异质性?的特刊的一部分。正常组织的细胞内存在包括通常会致癌的一些物质。此外,一旦进化开始,达尔文的力量将促进突变,从而增加适应度,并消除那些不适合的变异。因此,癌细胞通常具有类似于邻近正常细胞的突变负担,并且在癌细胞中观察到的许多(也许是大多数)突变发生在体细胞进化之前,并且可能不会导致细胞的恶性表型。本文是由Robert A. Gatenby博士编辑的题为:进化原理-癌症的异质性?的特刊的一部分。正常组织的细胞中存在一些通常包括致癌的物质。此外,一旦进化开始,达尔文的力量将促进突变,从而增加适应度,并消除那些不适合的变异。因此,癌细胞通常具有类似于邻近正常细胞的突变负担,并且在癌细胞中观察到的许多(也许是大多数)突变发生在体细胞进化之前,并且可能不会导致细胞的恶性表型。本文是由Robert A. Gatenby博士编辑的题为:进化原理-癌症的异质性?的特刊的一部分。癌细胞通常具有与邻近正常细胞相似的突变负担,并且在癌细胞中观察到的许多(也许是大多数)突变发生在体细胞进化之前,并且可能不会导致细胞的恶性表型。本文是由Robert A. Gatenby博士编辑的题为:进化原理-癌症的异质性?的特刊的一部分。癌细胞通常具有与邻近正常细胞相似的突变负担,并且在癌细胞中观察到的许多(也许是大多数)突变发生在体细胞进化之前,并且可能不会导致细胞的恶性表型。本文是由Robert A. Gatenby博士编辑的题为:进化原理-癌症的异质性?的特刊的一部分。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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