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Temporal Trends in Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in the United States.
Environmental Science & Technology Letters ( IF 10.9 ) Pub Date : 2017-03-21 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00475
Kate Hoffman 1 , Craig M Butt 1 , Thomas F Webster 2 , Emma V Preston 2 , Stephanie C Hammel 1 , Colleen Makey 2 , Amelia M Lorenzo 1 , Ellen M Cooper 1 , Courtney Carignan 3 , John D Meeker 4 , Russ Hauser 3 , Adelheid Soubry 5 , Susan K Murphy 6 , Thomas M Price 7 , Cathrine Hoyo 8 , Emma Mendelsohn 1 , Johanna Congleton 9 , Julie L Daniels 10 , Heather M Stapleton 1
Affiliation  

During the past decade, use of organophosphate compounds as flame retardants and plasticizers has increased. Numerous studies investigating biomarkers (i.e., urinary metabolites) demonstrate ubiquitous human exposure and suggest that human exposure may be increasing. To formally assess temporal trends, we combined data from 14 U.S. epidemiologic studies for which our laboratory group previously assessed exposure to two commonly used organophosphate compounds, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). Using individual-level data and samples collected between 2002 and 2015, we assessed temporal and seasonal trends in urinary bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the metabolites of TDCIPP and TPHP, respectively. Data suggest that BDCIPP concentrations have increased dramatically since 2002. Samples collected in 2014 and 2015 had BDCIPP concentrations that were more than 15 times higher than those collected in 2002 and 2003 (10β = 16.5; 95% confidence interval from 9.64 to 28.3). Our results also demonstrate significant increases in DPHP levels; however, increases were much smaller than for BDCIPP. Additionally, results suggest that exposure varies seasonally, with significantly higher levels of exposure in summer for both TDCIPP and TPHP. Given these increases, more research is needed to determine whether the levels of exposure experienced by the general population are related to adverse health outcomes.

中文翻译:

美国有机磷阻燃剂暴露的时间趋势。

在过去的十年中,有机磷酸酯化合物作为阻燃剂和增塑剂的使用有所增加。大量研究生物标志物(即尿代谢产物)的研究表明,人体无处不在,并表明人体暴露可能正在增加。为了正式评估时间趋势,我们结合了来自美国的14项流行病学研究的数据,我们的实验室小组先前评估了它们暴露于两种常用的有机磷酸酯化合物三磷酸(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)(TDCIPP)和磷酸三苯酯(TPHP)的情况。 )。使用2002年至2015年间收集的个体水平数据和样本,我们评估了尿双(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(BDCIPP)和磷酸二苯酯(DPHP)以及TDCIPP和TPHP代谢产物的时间和季节趋势, 分别。数据表明,自2002年以来,BDCIPP浓度急剧增加。2014年和2015年收集的样品中BDCIPP浓度比2002年和2003年收集的BDCIPP浓度高15倍以上(10β= 16.5; 95%置信区间为9.64至28.3)。我们的结果还证明了DPHP水平的显着提高;但是,增长幅度远小于BDCIPP。此外,结果表明,暴露量随季节变化,TDCIPP和TPHP的夏季暴露量明显更高。鉴于这些增加,需要更多的研究来确定普通人群所经历的接触水平是否与不良健康后果相关。2014年和2015年收集的样本的BDCIPP浓度比2002年和2003年收集的样本高15倍以上(10β= 16.5; 95%置信区间为9.64至28.3)。我们的结果还证明了DPHP水平的显着提高;但是,增长幅度远小于BDCIPP。此外,结果表明,暴露量随季节变化,TDCIPP和TPHP的夏季暴露量明显更高。鉴于这些增加,需要更多的研究来确定普通人群所经历的接触水平是否与不良健康后果相关。2014年和2015年收集的样本的BDCIPP浓度比2002年和2003年收集的样本高15倍以上(10β= 16.5; 95%置信区间为9.64至28.3)。我们的结果还证明了DPHP水平的显着提高;但是,增长幅度远小于BDCIPP。此外,结果表明,暴露量随季节变化,TDCIPP和TPHP的夏季暴露量明显更高。鉴于这些增加,需要更多的研究来确定普通人群所经历的接触水平是否与不良健康后果相关。结果表明,暴露量随季节而变化,夏季TDCIPP和TPHP的暴露量明显更高。鉴于这些增加,需要更多的研究来确定普通人群所经历的接触水平是否与不良健康后果相关。结果表明,暴露量随季节而变化,夏季TDCIPP和TPHP的暴露量明显更高。鉴于这些增加,需要更多的研究来确定普通人群所经历的接触水平是否与不良健康后果相关。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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