High Pinaceae pollen concentrations in the air and on the surface of puddles before the main pollen season started were observed in Kraków (southern Poland) in May 2013. The paper presents the results of detailed studies of the composition and source of the “yellow rain” in 2013, and as a comparison, the Pinaceae pollen concentrations and samples collected from the ground surface in 2014 were considered. The air samples were collected using the volumetric method (Hirst-type device), while pollen grains sampled from the ground surface were processed using a modified Erdtman acetolysis method. Finally, all samples were studied using a light microscope. In 2013, the period of higher Abies, Picea and Pinus pollen concentrations was observed from the 5 to 12 of May, earlier than the main pollen season occurred. The presence of rainfall on the 12 and 13 of May 2013 caused the pollen deposition on the ground surface, where the prevalence of Pinaceae pollen was found. The synoptic situation and the analysis of the back-trajectories and air mass advection at the beginning of May 2013 indicated that Pinaceae pollen grains could have been transported from Ukraine, Romania, Hungary and Slovakia. In contrast, Pinaceae pollen grains deposited on the ground surface as a “yellow” film in May 2014, originated from local sources.

中文翻译：

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松科花粉的远距离运输：以克拉科夫（波兰南部）为例

2013 年 5 月，在克拉科夫（波兰南部），在主要花粉季节开始之前，空气中和水坑表面的松科花粉浓度很高。本文介绍了对“黄雨”的成分和来源进行详细研究的结果2013年的松科花粉浓度和2014年地表采集的样本作为比较。空气样本采用容量法（赫斯特型装置）采集，而从地表采集的花粉粒则采用改良的埃尔特曼丙酮分解法进行处理。最后，使用光学显微镜研究所有样品。2013年，5月5日至12日是冷杉、云杉和松属花粉浓度较高的时期，早于主要花粉季节的发生。2013年5月12日至13日的降雨导致花粉沉积在地表，发现松科花粉盛行。2013年5月上旬的天气情况以及对回程轨迹和气团平流的分析表明，松科花粉粒可能是从乌克兰、罗马尼亚、匈牙利和斯洛伐克输送来的。相比之下，松科花粉粒于 2014 年 5 月以“黄色”薄膜的形式沉积在地面上，这些花粉粒源自当地。