What effects do factors that impair or enhance performance in individuals have when these individuals act in groups? We provide a framework, called the GIE ("Effects of Grouping on Impairments and Enhancements") framework, for investigating this question. As prominent examples for individual-level impairments and enhancements, we discuss sleep deprivation and caffeine. Based on previous research, we derive hypotheses on how they influence performance in groups, specifically process gains and losses in motivation, individual capability, and coordination. We conclude that the effect an impairment or enhancement has on individual-level performance is not necessarily mirrored in group performance: grouping can help or hurt. We provide recommendations on how to estimate empirically the effects individual-level performance impairments and enhancements have in groups. By comparing sleep deprivation to stress and caffeine to pharmacological cognitive enhancement, we illustrate that we cannot readily generalize from group results on one impairment or enhancement to another, even if they have similar effects on individual-level performance.

中文翻译：

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睡眠不足会损害我的表现，而咖啡因会提高我的表现，但并不总是我们的表现。

当个人在群体中行动时，损害或提高个人表现的因素会产生什么影响？我们提供了一个框架，称为 GIE（“分组对损害和增强的影响”）框架来研究这个问题。作为个人层面损伤和增强的突出例子，我们讨论睡眠不足和咖啡因。根据之前的研究，我们得出了关于它们如何影响群体绩效的假设，特别是在动机、个人能力和协调方面的得失。我们的结论是，损害或增强对个人绩效的影响不一定反映在群体绩效中：分组可能会有所帮助或有害。我们就如何凭经验估计个人水平的表现受损和提高对群体的影响提供建议。通过将睡眠剥夺与压力、咖啡因与药物认知增强进行比较，我们表明，我们不能轻易地将一种损害或增强的群体结果概括为另一种损害或增强，即使它们对个人水平的表现具有类似的影响。