Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied in isolation from each other. This has particularly been the case for the immune system. As a consequence of its ties with pathology and microbiology, immunology as a discipline has largely grown independently of physiology. Accordingly, it has taken a long time for immunologists to accept the concept that the immune system is not self-regulated but functions in close association with the nervous system. These associations are present at different levels of organization. At the local level, there is clear evidence for the production and use of immune factors by the central nervous system and for the production and use of neuroendocrine mediators by the immune system. Short-range interactions between immune cells and peripheral nerve endings innervating immune organs allow the immune system to recruit local neuronal elements for fine tuning of the immune response. Reciprocally, immune cells and mediators play a regulatory role in the nervous system and participate in the elimination and plasticity of synapses during development as well as in synaptic plasticity at adulthood. At the whole organism level, long-range interactions between immune cells and the central nervous system allow the immune system to engage the rest of the body in the fight against infection from pathogenic microorganisms and permit the nervous system to regulate immune functioning. Alterations in communication pathways between the immune system and the nervous system can account for many pathological conditions that were initially attributed to strict organ dysfunction. This applies in particular to psychiatric disorders and several immune-mediated diseases. This review will show how our understanding of this balance between long-range and short-range interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system has evolved over time, since the first demonstrations of immune influences on brain functions. The necessary complementarity of these two modes of communication will then be discussed. Finally, a few examples will illustrate how dysfunction in these communication pathways results in what was formerly considered in psychiatry and immunology to be strict organ pathologies.

中文翻译：

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神经免疫相互作用：从大脑到免疫系统，反之亦然。

由于过去塑造生物学和生物医学科学学术格局的学科划分，生理系统长期以来一直是相互孤立的研究。对于免疫系统来说尤其如此。由于其与病理学和微生物学的联系，免疫学作为一门学科在很大程度上独立于生理学而发展。因此，免疫学家花了很长时间才接受这样的概念：免疫系统不是自我调节的，而是与神经系统密切相关的。这些协会存在于不同的组织级别。在局部层面，有明确的证据表明中枢神经系统产生和使用免疫因子，以及免疫系统产生和使用神经内分泌介质。免疫细胞和支配免疫器官的周围神经末梢之间的短程相互作用使免疫系统能够招募局部神经元元件来微调免疫反应。相反，免疫细胞和介质在神经系统中发挥调节作用，参与发育过程中突触的消除和可塑性以及成年期的突触可塑性。在整个有机体水平上，免疫细胞和中枢神经系统之间的长程相互作用使免疫系统能够与身体的其他部分一起对抗病原微生物的感染，并允许神经系统调节免疫功能。免疫系统和神经系统之间通讯途径的改变可以解释许多最初归因于严格器官功能障碍的病理状况。这尤其适用于精神疾病和几种免疫介导的疾病。这篇综述将展示自从首次证明免疫对大脑功能的影响以来，我们对免疫系统和中枢神经系统之间的长程和短程相互作用之间的这种平衡的理解是如何随着时间的推移而演变的。然后将讨论这两种通信模式的必要互补性。最后，一些例子将说明这些通讯途径的功能障碍如何导致以前在精神病学和免疫学中被认为是严格的器官病理学。