1. Establishing the genetic and molecular basis underlying adaptive traits is one of the major goals of evolutionary geneticists in order to understand the connection between genotype and phenotype and elucidate the mechanisms of evolutionary change. Despite considerable effort to address this question, there remain relatively few systems in which the genes shaping adaptations have been identified.
2. Here, we review the experimental tools that have been applied to document the molecular basis underlying evolution in several natural systems, in order to highlight their benefits, limitations and suitability. In most cases, a combination of DNA, RNA and functional methodologies with field experiments will be needed to uncover the genes and mechanisms shaping adaptation in nature.

中文翻译：

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迈向适应性进化基因座的识别。

1. 建立适应性特征的遗传和分子基础是进化遗传学家的主要目标之一，以了解基因型和表型之间的联系并阐明进化变化的机制。尽管为解决这个问题付出了相当大的努力，但仍然存在相对较少的系统，其中确定了塑造适应的基因。
2. 在这里，我们回顾了用于记录几个自然系统进化的分子基础的实验工具，以突出它们的好处、局限性和适用性。在大多数情况下，需要将 DNA、RNA 和功能方法与现场实验相结合，以揭示在自然界中塑造适应的基因和机制。