Since the first reported use of a biological ion channel to detect differences in single stranded genomic base pairs in 1996, a renaissance in nanoscale resistive pulse sensors has ensued. This resurgence of a technique originally outlined and commercialized over fifty years ago has largely been driven by advances in nanoscaled fabrication, and ultimately, the prospect of a rapid and inexpensive means for genomic sequencing as well as other macromolecular characterization. In this pursuit, the potential application of these devices to characterize additional properties such as the size, shape, charge, and concentration of nanoscaled materials (10 - 900 nm) has been largely overlooked. Advances in nanotechnology and biotechnology are driving the need for simple yet sensitive individual object readout devices such as resistive pulse sensors. This review will examine the recent progress in pore-based sensing in the nanoscale range. A detailed analysis of three new types of pore sensors - in-series, parallel, and size-tunable pores - has been included. These pores offer improved measurement sensitivity over a wider particle size range. The fundamental physical chemistry of these techniques, which is still evolving, will be reviewed.

中文翻译：

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电阻式脉冲传感器的进展：弥合分子和微观检测之间空白的设备

自 1996 年首次报道使用生物离子通道检测单链基因组碱基对的差异以来，纳米级电阻脉冲传感器的复兴随之而来。五十多年前最初概述和商业化的技术的这种复兴在很大程度上是由纳米制造的进步以及最终的快速和廉价的基因组测序方法以及其他大分子表征的前景所推动的。在这种追求中，这些设备在表征其他特性（例如纳米级材料（10-900 nm）的尺寸、形状、电荷和浓度）方面的潜在应用在很大程度上被忽视了。纳米技术和生物技术的进步推动了对简单而灵敏的单个物体读出设备（如电阻脉冲传感器）的需求。本综述将研究纳米尺度范围内基于孔的传感的最新进展。包括对三种新型孔隙传感器（串联、平行和尺寸可调的孔隙）的详细分析。这些孔在更宽的粒径范围内提供了更高的测量灵敏度。这些技术的基本物理化学仍在发展中，将进行审查。