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Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi.
Studies in Mycology ( IF 16.5 ) Pub Date : 2007-01-01 , DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.57.01
Gi-Ho Sung 1 , Nigel L Hywel-Jones , Jae-Mo Sung , J Jennifer Luangsa-Ard , Bhushan Shrestha , Joseph W Spatafora
Affiliation  

Cordyceps, comprising over 400 species, was historically classified in the Clavicipitaceae, based on cylindrical asci, thickened ascus apices and filiform ascospores, which often disarticulate into part-spores. Cordyceps was characterized by the production of well-developed often stipitate stromata and an ecology as a pathogen of arthropods and Elaphomyces with infrageneric classifications emphasizing arrangement of perithecia, ascospore morphology and host affiliation. To refine the classification of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae, the phylogenetic relationships of 162 taxa were estimated based on analyses consisting of five to seven loci, including the nuclear ribosomal small and large subunits (nrSSU and nrLSU), the elongation factor 1alpha (tef1), the largest and the second largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (rpb1 and rpb2), beta-tubulin (tub), and mitochondrial ATP6 (atp6). Our results strongly support the existence of three clavicipitaceous clades and reject the monophyly of both Cordyceps and Clavicipitaceae. Most diagnostic characters used in current classifications of Cordyceps (e.g., arrangement of perithecia, ascospore fragmentation, etc.) were not supported as being phylogenetically informative; the characters that were most consistent with the phylogeny were texture, pigmentation and morphology of stromata. Therefore, we revise the taxonomy of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceae to be consistent with the multi-gene phylogeny. The family Cordycipitaceae is validated based on the type of Cordyceps, C. militaris, and includes most Cordyceps species that possess brightly coloured, fleshy stromata. The new family Ophiocordycipitaceae is proposed based on Ophiocordyceps Petch, which we emend. The majority of species in this family produce darkly pigmented, tough to pliant stromata that often possess aperithecial apices. The new genus Elaphocordyceps is proposed for a subclade of the Ophiocordycipitaceae, which includes all species of Cordyceps that parasitize the fungal genus Elaphomyces and some closely related species that parasitize arthropods. The family Clavicipitaceaes. s. is emended and includes the core clade of grass symbionts (e.g., Balansia, Claviceps, Epichloë, etc.), and the entomopathogenic genus Hypocrella and relatives. In addition, the new genus Metacordyceps is proposed for Cordyceps species that are closely related to the grass symbionts in the Clavicipitaceaes. s.Metacordyceps includes teleomorphs linked to Metarhizium and other closely related anamorphs. Two new species are described, and lists of accepted names for species in Cordyceps, Elaphocordyceps, Metacordyceps and Ophiocordyceps are provided.

中文翻译:

冬虫夏草和锁骨真菌的系统发育分类。

冬虫夏草包括 400 多种,历史上被归入棒状体科,基于圆柱形子囊、加厚的子囊尖和丝状子囊孢子,这些子囊孢子经常分离成部分孢子。冬虫夏草的特点是产生发育良好的常有柄的基质和生态学作为节肢动物和毛囊菌属的病原体,其属下分类强调子囊壳的排列、子囊孢子形态和宿主隶属关系。为了完善冬虫夏草和 Clavicipitaceae 的分类,基于由 5 到 7 个基因座组成的分析估计了 ​​162 个分类群的系统发育关系,包括核核糖体小亚基和大亚基(nrSSU 和 nrLSU)、延伸因子 1alpha (tef1)、 RNA聚合酶II的最大和第二大亚基(rpb1和rpb2),β-微管蛋白 (tub) 和线粒体 ATP6 (atp6)。我们的结果强烈支持三个锁骨进化枝的存在,并拒绝虫草和锁骨科的单一系。冬虫夏草当前分类中使用的大多数诊断特征(例如,包膜的排列、子囊孢子的碎片化等)在系统发育信息方面不被支持;与系统发育最一致的特征是基质的质地、色素沉着和形态。因此,我们修改了冬虫夏草科和冬虫夏草科的分类学,使其与多基因系统发育一致。Cordycipitaceae 科是根据冬虫夏草 C. militaris 的类型进行验证的,其中包括大多数具有鲜艳肉质基质的冬虫夏草物种。新家族 Ophiocordycipitaceae 是基于 Ophiocordyceps Petch 提出的,我们对其进行了修正。该科中的大多数物种产生深色、坚韧、易弯曲的基质,这些基质通常具有果皮顶端。新属 Elaphocordyceps 被提议用于 Ophiocordycipitaceae 的一个亚分支,其中包括寄生于真菌 Elaphomyces 真菌属的所有冬虫夏草物种和一些寄生于节肢动物的密切相关物种。家族 Clavicipitaceaees。s。修正并包括草共生体(例如 Balansia、Claviceps、Epichloë 等)的核心进化枝,以及昆虫病原属 Hypocrella 及其亲属。此外,对于与棒科中草类共生体密切相关的冬虫夏草物种,提出了新的元虫草属。s。Metacordyceps 包括与绿僵菌和其他密切相关的无性态相关的有形类。描述了两个新物种,并提供了冬虫夏草、虫草、元虫草和 Ophiocordyceps 中物种的公认名称列表。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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