The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods. These changes, together with the transition to land, caused increased complexity in the planes in which axial movements occur and moments act on the body and were accompanied by profound changes in axial muscle function. To increase our understanding of the evolutionary transformations of the structure and function of the perivertebral musculature, this review integrates recent anatomical and physiological data (e.g., muscle fiber types, activation patterns) with gross-anatomical and kinematic findings for pivotal craniate taxa. This information is mapped onto a phylogenetic hypothesis to infer the putative character set of the last common ancestor of the respective taxa and to conjecture patterns of locomotor and muscular evolution. The increasing anatomical and functional complexity in the muscular arrangement during craniate evolution is associated with changes in fiber angulation and fiber-type distribution, i.e., increasing obliqueness in fiber orientation and segregation of fatigue-resistant fibers in deeper muscle regions. The loss of superficial fatigue-resistant fibers may be related to the profound gross anatomical reorganization of the axial musculature during the tetrapod evolution. The plesiomorphic function of the axial musculature -mobilization- is retained in all craniates. Along with the evolution of limbs and the subsequent transition to land, axial muscles additionally function to globally stabilize the trunk against inertial and extrinsic limb muscle forces as well as gravitational forces. Associated with the evolution of sagittal mobility and a parasagittal limb posture, axial muscles in mammals also stabilize the trunk against sagittal components of extrinsic limb muscle action as well as the inertia of the body's center of mass. Thus, the axial system is central to the static and dynamic control of the body posture in all craniates and, in gnathostomes, additionally provides the foundation for the mechanical work of the appendicular system.

中文翻译：

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颅骨中轴系统的演变：椎周肌肉组织的形态和功能。

轴向肌肉骨骼系统代表脊椎动物的拟形运动引擎，在运动中发挥核心作用。在颅骨中，颅后骨骼的进化以两个主要转变为特征。首先，轴向骨骼在功能和形态上变得越来越区域化。其次，随着四足动物四肢的进化，颅骨的基于轴向的同形运动逐渐基于附属物。这些变化，连同向陆地的过渡，导致发生轴向运动和力矩作用于身体的平面的复杂性增加，并伴随着轴向肌肉功能的深刻变化。为了增加我们对椎骨周围肌肉组织结构和功能的进化转变的理解，本综述将最近的解剖学和生理学数据（例如，肌肉纤维类型、激活模式）与关键颅骨分类群的大体解剖学和运动学研究结果相结合。该信息被映射到系统发育假设上，以推断相应分类群最后一个共同祖先的假定特征集，并推测运动和肌肉进化的模式。在颅骨进化过程中肌肉排列的解剖和功能复杂性增加与纤维角度和纤维类型分布的变化有关，即纤维取向的倾斜度增加和更深肌肉区域中抗疲劳纤维的分离。表面抗疲劳纤维的丧失可能与四足动物进化过程中轴向肌肉组织的深刻总体解剖重组有关。所有颅骨都保留了轴向肌肉组织的拟形功能 - 活动 - 。随着四肢的进化和随后向陆地的过渡，轴向肌肉还起到整体稳定躯干的作用，以抵抗惯性和外在四肢肌肉力以及重力。与矢状活动度和旁矢状肢体姿势的演变相关，哺乳动物的轴向肌肉还可以稳定躯干以抵抗外在肢体肌肉动作的矢状分量以及身体重心的惯性。因此，轴向系统是所有颅骨中身体姿势的静态和动态控制的核心，