Tissue engineering is emerging as a significant clinical option to address tissue and organ failure by implanting biological substitutes for the compromised tissues. As compared to the transplantation of cells alone, engineered tissues offer the potential advantage of immediate functionality. Engineered tissues can also serve as physiologically relevant models for controlled studies of cells and tissues designed to distinguish the effects of specific signals from the complex milieu of factors present in vivo. A high number of ligament failures and the lack of adequate options to fully restore joint functions have prompted the need to develop new tissue engineering strategies. We discuss the requirements for ligament reconstruction, the available treatment options and their limitations, and then focus on the tissue engineering of ligaments. One representative tissue engineering system involving the integrated use of adult human stem cells, custom-designed scaffolds, and advanced bioreactors with dynamic loading is described.

中文翻译：

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韧带组织工程。

通过为受损组织植入生物替代物，组织工程正在成为解决组织和器官衰竭的重要临床选择。与单独移植细胞相比，工程组织具有即时功能的潜在优势。工程组织还可以用作生理学相关模型，用于对细胞和组织进行受控研究，旨在从体内存在的复杂因素中区分特定信号的作用。大量的韧带失败和缺乏足够的选项来完全恢复关节功能，也促使需要开发新的组织工程战略。我们讨论了韧带重建的要求，可用的治疗方案及其局限性，然后重点讨论了韧带的组织工程。