"Recent archaeological, ethnohistorical and ecological evidence has begun to challenge the view that 'civilizations' failed to develop in the Amazon basin due to limitations of the tropical forest environment. As a result, estimates of the native population in 1492 have become an issue of debate. These estimates are evaluated in the light of the ethnohistorical research on the Ecuadorian headwaters. Estimates are considered by examining estimated habitat densities, the impact of Old World diseases and contemporary evidence for native cultures. The study is based on documents found in archives in Quito, Seville, Madrid and Rome. It is suggested that the population of the Amazon basin in 1492 probably exceeded 5 million but that expectations of substantially higher populations appear unfounded."

中文翻译：

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1492年亚马逊盆地的人口：从厄瓜多尔上游源头观看。

“最近的考古学，人类历史学和生态学证据已经开始挑战一种观点，即由于热带森林环境的限制，亚马逊流域的'文明'发展失败。结果，估计1492年的本地人口已成为一个问题。辩论：根据厄瓜多尔上游水域的民族历史研究对这些估计值进行评估；通过检查估计的栖息地密度，旧世界疾病的影响以及当代对本土文化的证据，对估计值进行评估。基多，塞维利亚，马德里和罗马。有人建议1492年亚马逊盆地的人口可能超过500万，但对人口更多的期望似乎没有根据。”