Two story-telling experiments examine the process of choosing between pronouns and proper names in speaking. Such choices are traditionally attributed to speakers striving to make referring expressions maximally interpretable to addressees. The experiments revealed a novel effect: even when a pronoun would not be ambiguous, the presence of another character in the discourse decreased pronoun use and increased latencies to refer to the most prominent character in the discourse. In other words, speakers were more likely to call Minnie Minnie than shewhen Donald was also present. Even when the referent character appeared alone in the stimulus picture, the presence of another character in the preceding discourse reduced pronouns. Furthermore, pronoun use varied with features associated with the speaker's degree of focus on the preceding discourse (e.g., narrative style and disfluency). We attribute this effect to competition for attentional resources in the speaker's representation of the discourse.

中文翻译：

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附加字符对引用表达选择的影响：每个人都很重要☆

两个讲故事的实验检验了在说话时选择代词和专有名词的过程。这种选择传统上归因于说话者努力使指称表达能够最大限度地为收件人解释。实验揭示了一种新的效果：即使代词不会含糊不清，话语中另一个字符的存在也会减少代词的使用，并增加指代话语中最突出字符的延迟。换句话说，当唐纳德也在场时，演讲者更有可能打电话给 Minnie Minnie，而不是她。即使当所指字符单独出现在刺激图片中时，前面话语中另一个字符的存在也会减少代词。此外，代词的使用因与说话者相关的特征而异 对前面话语的关注程度（例如，叙述风格和不流畅）。我们将这种影响归因于说话者对话语表示中注意力资源的竞争。