The ancestors of modern cyanobacteria invented O(2)-generating photosynthesis some 3.6 billion years ago. The conversion of water and CO(2) into energy-rich sugars and O(2) slowly transformed the planet, eventually creating the biosphere as we know it today. Eukaryotes didn't invent photosynthesis; they co-opted it from prokaryotes by engulfing and stably integrating a photoautotrophic prokaryote in a process known as primary endosymbiosis. After approximately a billion of years of coevolution, the eukaryotic host and its endosymbiont have achieved an extraordinary level of integration and have spawned a bewildering array of primary producers that now underpin life on land and in the water. No partnership has been more important to life on earth. Secondary endosymbioses have created additional autotrophic eukaryotic lineages that include key organisms in the marine environment. Some of these organisms have subsequently reverted to heterotrophic lifestyles, becoming significant pathogens, microscopic predators, and consumers. We review the origins, integration, and functions of the different plastid types with special emphasis on their biochemical abilities, transfer of genes to the host, and the back supply of proteins to the endosymbiont.

中文翻译：

---

质体进化

大约 36 亿年前，现代蓝藻的祖先发明了产生 O(2) 的光合作用。水和 CO(2) 转化为富含能量的糖和 O(2) 慢慢地改变了地球，最终创造了我们今天所知的生物圈。真核生物没有发明光合作用；他们通过在称为初级内共生的过程中吞噬并稳定整合光合自养原核生物，从原核生物中选择了它。经过大约 10 亿年的共同进化，真核宿主及其内共生体已经实现了非凡的整合水平，并催生了一系列令人眼花缭乱的初级生产者，这些初级生产者现在支撑着陆地和水中的生命。没有任何伙伴关系对地球上的生命更重要。二次内共生创造了额外的自养真核谱系，其中包括海洋环境中的关键生物。其中一些生物随后恢复到异养生活方式，成为重要的病原体、微观捕食者和消费者。我们回顾了不同质体类型的起源、整合和功能，特别强调了它们的生化能力、基因向宿主的转移以及蛋白质向内共生体的回供。