The dominant and ancestral mode of sex determination in the Hymenoptera is arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, in which diploid females develop from fertilized eggs and haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs. We discuss recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and cytoplasmic mechanisms that make arrhenotoky possible. The best-understood mode of sex determination in the Hymenoptera is complementary sex determination (CSD), in which diploid males are produced under conditions of inbreeding. The gene mediating CSD has recently been cloned in the honey bee and has been named the complementary sex determiner. However, CSD is only known from 4 of 21 hymenopteran superfamilies, with some taxa showing clear evidence of the absence of CSD. Sex determination in the model hymenopteran Nasonia vitripennis does not involve CSD, but it is consistent with a form of genomic imprinting in which activation of the female developmental pathway requires paternally derived genes. Some other hymenopterans are not arrhenotokous but instead exhibit thelytoky or paternal genome elimination.

中文翻译：

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膜翅目的性别决定。

膜翅目中性别决定性的主要和祖先模式是无性生殖孤雌生殖，其中二倍体雌性从受精卵发育而单倍体雄性从未受精卵发育。我们讨论在了解遗传和细胞质机制，使止痛药成为可能的最新进展。在膜翅目中，关于性别确定的最易理解的模式是互补性别确定（CSD），其中在近交条件下产生二倍体雄性。最近，已将介导CSD的基因克隆到蜜蜂中，并被称为互补性决定子。但是，仅在21个膜翅类超家族中有4个才知道CSD，有些分类单元清楚地表明没有CSD。膜翅目Nasonia vitripennis模型中的性别确定不涉及CSD，但这与基因组印记的形式是一致的，在这种形式中，女性发育途径的激活需要父本衍生的基因。其他一些膜翅类动物不是无畸胎动物，而是表现出食管或父本基因组消除。